高级英语写作 Argumentation

ARGUMENTATIONIntroductionofCONTENTS目录1.Definition2.PrinciplesandConventions3.Argumentstructures4.Strategy6.Anexample5.CommonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargumentWhatisargumentation?•Argumentationisanalyzed,reviewofaproblemorsomething,thatastyleoftheirownpointofview,position,attitude,viewsandpropositions.CriticalreviewEditorialsResumeLetterstotheeditorsExamplesofargumentationwritingare:JobevaluationJobapplicationletterLetterofrecommendation2.PrinciplesandConventionsAgoodargumentationshouldabidebythefollowingconventions:FollowtherulesofreasonThreekindsofevidence:objectivedata,socialconsensus,personalcredibilityandexperienceEvidencemustbepresentedlogicallyThreetypesofappeals:ethos(喻德）,logos（喻理）,pathos（喻情）14Awell-defined,controversialissueAclearpositiontakenbythewriterAconvincingargument23AreasonabletoneAgoodargumentationshouldinclude:1.Awell-defined,controversialissue:e.g.Firstchildrenaresmarter---Butwhy?Marriagemakesourchildrenricher—Here'swhyEatingpopcorninthecinemamakespeopleimmunetoadvertisingMenandwomencan'tbe'justfriends'2.Aclearpositiontakenbythewritere.g.CorrectCanheterosexualmenandwomeneverbe“justfriends”?anewstudysuggeststhatmen,relativetowomen,haveaparticularlyhardtimebeing“justfriends.”e.g.ErrorXXXisoneofthemostimportantthingsinpeople’slife.Ithasmanyadvantages.However,justaseverycoinhastwosides,XXXalsohassomedisadvantages.3.Aconvincingargumentfacts,statistics,testimony,examples4.AreasonabletoneIbelive······Ithink······CONTENTS目录1.Definition2.PrinciplesandConventions3.Argumentstructures4.Strategy6.Anexample5.CommonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargumentArgumentstructures1.SimpleargumentClaimSupportinferenceAsimpleargumentonlycontainsaclaim,asupportandainference,asshowninthefollowing:SUPERNANNIESTokeepupwiththetimes,NorlandCollegeinEngland,trainningnannies,hasaddedtwonewclassestoitscurriculum:martialartsandstuntdriving(特技驾驶).Why?Becausethechildrenoftherichandfamousareoftentargetedbythepaparazzi(狗仔队),andcouldpotentiallybecomevictimsofkidnapping（绑架）attempts.So,Nolandthinksitsnaanniesneedtoknowhowtohandlethesehigh-risksituations.ClaimSupport/ClaimSupportinferenceinferenceAchainargumentcontainsmorethanonelayersofargument.Thesupportofthefirstlayerbecomestheclaimofthesecondlayer,whichneedsfurthersupport,asshowninthefollowing:relayrace接力比赛2.Chainargument小伙伴，此处有视频哦~！！3.CompoundargumentAcompoundargumentcontainsmorethanonesupportforthesameclaim,asshowninthefollowing:ClaimSupportinferenceSupportSupportCELEBRITIESWHOFELLFROMGRACE那些自毁前途的明星•“Thehigheryougo,theharderyoufall”isacommonEnglishexpression.Itmeansthemoresuccessfulyoubecome,themoreyouhavetolose.Andit'sanexperiencesharedbymanycelebritieswhohaveruinedtheircareersbydoingsomethingstupidorillegal.Herearesomefamouspeoplewhohavefallenfromgrace.•TigerWoodsIn2009,TigerWoodswasthebestgolferintheworld……Butthenhehadanaffair.InDecember2009,thetabloids（小报）revealedthatWoodshadcheatedonhiswifewithmorethan12women……LindsayLohanBetween2003and2005,LindsayLohanstarredinastringofhighlysuccessfulfilmsandbecameknownastheteenmovequeen……Unfortunately,in2006,Lindsaystarteddrinkinganddoingdrugs;andsince2007,she'sbeenarrestedovertwentytimes.PhilSpectoriscurrentlyinprisonformurder.LanceArmstronguseperformanceenhancingdrugs.ShouldSmokingBeBanned?Ithasbecomefashionableintheworldtodaytocondemnsmoking.However,althoughIfeelthatsmokingcanbeharmful,Idonotthinkitshouldbebanned.First,smokingundoubtedlyhelpsmanypeopletorelax.Forsome,it······.Afurtherpointisthatgovernmentsthroughouttheworldmakehugeprofitsfromlevyingtaxesoncigarettes.Thisprovidesfunds······.Iwouldalsoarguethatpeopleshouldhavetherighttochoosewhethertheysmokeornot.Peopleshouldnotsmoke······.兄弟，来一根呀！SupportSupportSupportClaim4.ConvergentargumentClaimSupportinferenceSupportAconvergentargumentrequirestwosupportstoworktogetherforaclaim.Inotherwords,onlyonesupportcannotstandwellwithouttheother,asshowninthefollowing.ratherthanittellsyouastructure,itteachesyouawaytothink：well-knit（严谨）1、it'ssocoldoutside,let'shavehotpotfordinnerok?3、becauseit'sbettertoeatspicyfoodincoldweather！4、ok,let'sgo!最后，他们在一起了！2、whydowehavetoeathotpot?Theweatherissocoldtoday.weshouldeathotpotfordinnertoday.It'sbesttoeatspicyfoodincoldweather.热火锅结构5.ComplexargumentClaimSupportSupport/ClaimSupportSupportSupportSupportAcomplexargumentcombinesalltheabovestructuresandusuallyappearstobethefinaloutlineofanargumentation,anshowninthefollowing:Sherlock：WatsonishisflatmateWatsonneedtogetaflatshare.Justafterlunch,MikeandWatsoncome.WatsongotshotWatsoncan’taffordLondononanArmypension.SherlocktoldMikethatheisadifficultmantofindaflatmate.小伙伴，此处有视频哦~！！ArgumentstructuresCONTENTS目录1.Definition2.PrinciplesandConventions3.Argumentstructures4.Strategy6.Anexample5.CommonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargumentStrategies1.Reasoning2.Example3.Raisingfigures4.Contrastandcomparison5.Makingconcessions6.Quotation7.Analogy......1.ReasoningReasoningistoorganisethecausesandeffectsinalogicalway.inductivereasoning（归纳法）reasoningfromdetailedfactstogeneralprinciles(orfromeffecttocause)deductivereasonin