主语的选择(Optionsforsubjects)•1、对等(Equivalence)(FollowtheChinesetopic-commentorder,usenounphrasesetc.)•1)财源有限,开销无穷。(Our)Financialresourcesarelimitedbutexpenseslimitless.•2)如果不适当地处理,锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。•Exhaustfromboilersandvehicles,unlessproperlytreated,causesairpollutionincities.•3)这些新政策将使人民的购买力提高,市场繁荣,金融活跃,绝不会如一些人所说将使国家财政一团糟。•Thesenewmeasureswill,webelieve,increasethepeople’spurchasingpowerandleadtothrivingfinancialandcommercialconditionsratherthanmakeamessofthecountry’sfinancesassomepeopleargue.2、转换(Shift)(findelementsintheoriginaltouseasthesubject)2-1Bychangingwordcategory1)中日两国发展和平友好关系,符合两国人民的长远利益。ThedevelopmentofrelationofpeaceandfriendshipbetweenChinaandJapanisinaccordwiththelong-terminterestsofthetwopeople.2)游中国当然是必游长城。AmustforallthetouriststoChinaistovisittheGreatWall.3)中国的国民意识是把追求家庭幸福提到个人幸福之上,而美国人似乎与此相反。IntheChineseideology,thepursuitoffamilyhappinesshasbeenelevatedtotheplacebeforepersonalhappiness,whilefortheAmericanstheorderseemstobethereverse.2-2Bymeansofinference(decideSVbasedonthoroughinterpretation)•1)发现错误,要改正错误。Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.2)我们的各项工作都取得了一些成就,但不能因此而骄傲自满。Wehavemadesomeachievementsinvariousfieldsofourworkbutwemustnotgetconceitedandarrogant.3)我们的自然科学比较落后,要努力向外国学习。Innaturalscience,weareratherbackwardandweshouldmakeaspecialefforttolearnfromforeigncountries.2-3Reversing•1)沿路都是小商店。Smallshopsdottheway.•2)他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。Hotangerburnedinourmindsagainsthimathisrashness.•3)对建筑师来说,将正在营业的旅店进行翻修实在是难上加难。Oneofthegreatestchallengesforanarchitectisarenovationofanoperatinghotel.3.Supplement•1)弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。Ifthingsarenotproperlyhandled,ourlaborwillbetotallylost.•2)没有调查研究就没有发言权。Hewhomakesnoinvestigationandstudyhasnorighttospeak.3)重点是普及义务教育,积极发展职业教育和成人教育,适度发展高等教育,优化教育结构。Weshouldlayemphasisonmakingcompulsoryeducationuniversal,vigorouslydevelopingvocationalandadulteducation,moderatelydevelopinghighereducationandoptimizingeducationalstructure.•4、Useit•1)有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。Isn’titagreatpleasuretomeetfriendsfromafar?•2)这个都市圈设想按五个层次展开。Itisconceivedthatthecityareaswillbebuiltintofivedivisions.•3)希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。It’shopedthatShanghaiwillestablishfriendlyrelationswithmoreforeigncitiesinthefuture.•5、Personification•1)世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena.•2)世纪交替,千年更迭,人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。Theturnofthecenturyhasopenedanewchapterinthedevelopmentofthehumansociety.•6、ThereBe•1)自1983年以来,已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。Therehavebeenestablishedmorethanonehundredorganizationsofsuchkindsince1983.2)古今中外,在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。Thereexistsalawatalltimesandinallcountriesthatthegreatfisheatupthesmallintheworldofbusiness.Exercise热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立和发展贸易关系。一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,使世界大为震惊。一切都考虑进去,她的建议似乎更切实可行。将拨出专款支持这些属于五个高科技领域的项目——即新材料机械电子学,电子信息,生物技术,新能源和节能技术。普遍的看法是,简化手续,提高工效,比给企业经济方面的优惠更为重要。Customersfromvariouscountriesandregionsarewelcometoestablishanddevelopbusinesscontactswithus.China’sfirstatomicblastinOctober,1964wasagreatshocktotherestoftheworld.Everythingtakenintoconsideration,herproposalseemsmorepracticable.Aspecialfundwillbesetasidetosupporttheseproductswhichfallwithinfivehi-techspheres—newmaterialsmechatronics,electronicinformation,biotechnology,newenergyresourcesandenergyconservation.Itisageneralopinionthattosimplifyformalitiesandtoenhanceefficiencyaremoreimportantthantogivepreferentialeconomicaltreatmenttoenterprises.汉语的基本句型及其翻译汉语造句以名词为重心,以词组、散句和分句为手段,善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式叙述,有时断句不严,外形松散。有人称汉语是时间型的动态结构,主要体现于形式自由,富于弹性。英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统领各种语言成分,句界分明,外形严密。因此,汉语各种句型译成英语时,不仅在逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语句法结构的特点。一、主谓单句汉语的主谓单句,从外形结构上来看,跟英语的“主谓”结构是相似的,但它的主语和谓语表达却与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻译汉语主谓单句时,至少应注意几个问题。1、防止主语的机械对应。中国近几年来发生了巨变。①TherehavebeengreatchangesinChinatheseyears.②Theseyearshaveseen(witnessed)greatchangesinChina.③GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinatheseyears.④Chinacrackleswiththedynamicsofchangestheseyears.2、防止谓语动词的机械对应。汉语的有些动词搭配能力很强,同一词处在不同的语境,意义就会大不相同。所以译成英语时应避免机械对应而应寻求意义对应。例如“回答”与不同的词搭配,用在不同的语境,译法就不一样。①接下来女发言人回答了记者的提问。Forthenextfewminutesthespokeswomanansweredquestionsfromsomejournalistsandcorrespondents.②中国通过对美国商品征收报复性关税来作为对美方违反中美贸易协定的回答。ChinarepliedtoAmerica'sviolationoftheSino-UStradeagreementwithimposingpunitivetaxonAmericanexportstoChina.3、要译出汉语谓语动词隐蔽的时态、情态及语态。1)到本世纪末时中国会繁荣起来。BytheendofthecenturyChinawillhavebecomeprosperous.2)街旁都种了树。Thestreetsarelinedwithtrees.3)他想去那儿碰碰运气也不错。Hethoughtitmightbewisetotryhisluckthere.二、无主句汉语中有众多的无主句,译成英语时或视情况补加主语(祈使句可以不补),译成完整的句子;或译为被动语态句。1)为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗!Strivetobuildagreatsocialistcountry!2)剩下的时间不多了。Thereisverylittletimeleft.3)认识落后,才能去改变落后;学习先进,才有可能赶超先进。Backwardnessmustbeperceivedbeforeitcanbechanged.Apersonmustlearnfromtheadvancedbeforehecancatchupandsurpassthem.4)不入虎穴,焉得虎子?Ifonedoesnotenterthetiger’sden,howcanhegetatiger’scub?•三、流水句•流水句是一种特殊的无关联词语复句,其特点是在非句终的句段出现句终语调,语义联系比较松散,句段之间难以补上关联词语。译成英语时,多译为若干个以“主—谓”结构为主干的分立单位或者并列散句,并适当增加关系词,语义重心一般无须调整。1)在中国要是没有自行车,生活是难以想象的,可是没有多少年以前,人们还把自行车看成奢侈品,很多人都买不起,再说,自行车也供不应求。•ItishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikeinChinawithoutthebicycle.Yetitwasn’tsomanyyearsagothatabicyclewasconsideredaluxury,beyondthereachofmanypeople.Moreover,itwasinshortsupply.四