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词义的选择和意义的引申Whenyouopenadictionary,you,mostofthecases,willfindthatawordcontainsmultiplemeanings,andonewordmayhavedifferentmeaningsduetodifferentcontext.Therefore,themostbasicskilloftranslatingistochoosewordscorrectly.•他说她这个人真有意思，她说他这人挺有意思，于是他们说他俩儿有点儿意思，让他们意思意思。•makepaper;makecloth;makeafire;makeapromise;maketea;makemoney•Hegotallthecreditforthediscovery.•Theavailabilityofcheaplongtermcreditwouldhelpsmallbusinesses.•Theysoldgrainoncreditduringtimeoffamine.•HowmuchdoIhavetomycredit?•Theycannotobtaincreditatallinthetrade.•TheyhaveopenedthecoveringcreditwiththeBankofChina,London.•Tomanylocalpeople,thesecastlesrepresentahundredyearsofforeigndomination.•对许多当地居民来说，这些城堡是百年外国统治的象征。•Anambassadorrepresentshisgovernmentinaforeigncountry.•大使是驻外国的本国政府代表。•Thepaintingrepresentsastormatsea.•这幅画描绘的是一场海上风暴的情景。•Thereportrepresentedtruthfullytheresultsofourresearches.•这份报告如实陈述了我们研究工作的成果。意义的引申就是把原文中词句所包含的意义在译文中引申出新的意义。原有的意义和引申出的意义基本上是一致的，但前者与后者之间又有了变化。这些变化可以是：（1）在译文中从新的角度以新的形式来体现原文中的含意，是说法变了但内容没变;（2）原文中词语本身以及上下文之间所蕴含的意义在译文中明确地表达了出来，是表达深广度的调整但内容没有实质性的变化。引申的方法•基本词义抽象化•Atpresentoilisthemostcommonfoodofanelectricplant.•目前，石油是电厂最常用的能源。•Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.•帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。•Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.•每个人的生活都有苦有甜。•基本词义具体化•Theelectricgeneratorhasbeengivenagoodchecking.•该发电机已经过彻底检查。•Weinsistthatinternationaltradeshouldnotbeaone-waystreet.•我们一向主张，国际贸易必须有来有往。•抽象词义具体化•Itisoneofthemostusefulofthehouseholdconveniences.•这是最为便利的家用设备之一。•Haveyoureadanyhumorrecently?•近来读了什么幽默作品吗？•I'mreadingallthechiefcriticismsoftheplay.•我正在阅读关于此剧的批评性文章。赋予褒扬或贬低的色彩Howeverfragile，thecease-fireavertedwhathavebeenshapingupasthemostserioustroubleyetinU.S-Israelifriendship.尽管这次停火不很彻底,却避免了美以关系的空前恶化.（褒义---中性）•Anthropologists,meanwhile,increasinglyworriedwhetherBrazil'sIndianscansurvivethesettlementoftheAmazon.•与此同时,人类学家越来越担心巴西的印第安人能否熬过对亚马逊地区的开发而幸存下来。（中性---贬义）•Once,earlyin1974,whiledrivingalongtheSanDiegofreewayfromClementtoLosAngeles,hewasaskedtoreflectonhishopesandambitions.•一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。（中性—褒义）四言成语的运用•引申意义时，常常用到一些四字成语或四字格式的短语。这些词语可以帮助我们把意思表达得准确而又生动，读起来也很顺畅悦耳。•However，atthattimetheideafellthroughbecauseofmanytechnicaldifficulties.•然而，由于许多技术上的困难，这一主张在当时终成泡影。•ThemightyPacificwashestheshoresoffivecontinents---NorthAmerica，SouthAmerica，Asia，Australia，andAntarctica.•“WhatAmericahaslost，”saysoneveteranobserver，“isthecocky，do-anythingassuranceofthel950s.”•一位资深的观察家说，“美国已经失去了20世纪50年代那种趾高气扬、为所欲为而毫无顾忌的劲头。”•ManySanDiegans，angeredbythewayRogerswastreated，accusedtheschoolofgrossingratitudeandcowardice.•许多圣迭戈人对这样对待罗杰斯表示愤慨，他们指责校方十足的忘恩负义、胆小怕事。DivisionandCombination•Division,asatranslationtechnique,meansthenecessarysplittingofalongsentenceintoshortersentences.Tosplitasentenceatwillisdefinitelyamistake.DivisioninE-Ctranslation1.Totranslateonepartofthelongsentenceintoanindependentone.•Theyear1983began—andended—withanunusualoilcrisis：fearsthatthepriceofcrudeoilwouldnotgoupbutdown.•1983年伊始，就存在着一种异乎寻常的石油危机：人们担心原油价格要下降，而不是上扬。这一年结束的时候，情况依然如故。•Thepopularreactiontothedebtproblem,particularlyintheunitedStates,wastryingtopunishthebanksforhavinglentmoneytodevelopingcountriesratherthantoneighborhoodcompanies.•一般人对债务问题的反应是试图惩罚那些银行，责怪他们把钱借给了发展中国家，而不借给本地的公司。在美国，情况尤其如此。•2.Totranslateoneoriginalsentenceintoseveraltargetsentences.•Itisobviousthathisperiodinofficewasmarkedbysteepriseinhiscountry’soilrevenuesandthebeginningofasocial-politicalcrisisbroughtoutbywide-scalemisuseofthe$22billionayearearningfromoil.•他执政期间有两个特点：一是该国的石油收入猛增；二是由于滥用每年220亿美元的石油收入而开始形成社会政治危机。这是显而易见的。•Achievingthesewilldepend,inverylargemeasure,uponthemobilizationandeducationoftheentirepopulation,inparticular,onimprovingtheeducationofgirlsandwomen—whoare,atonce,themosteducationallydeprivedpartofthepopulationandthatwiththegreatestunexploitedpotentialandtalent.•要达到这些目的，在很大程度上要依赖于动员和教育全体人民，尤其要依赖于改善女童和妇女的教育。在全部人口中，她们既是在教育权利上受剥夺最多的一部分，又是最具有发掘潜力和才能的一部分。•3.Torenderonewordoftheoriginalsentenceintoseveralexpressions.•Themagazinewasablyandeloquentlyconducted,andthegeneraltenorofitsarticleswastourgeonwardthenationaleconomy.•这家杂志经营得宜，立论令人信服，文章的主旨是促进国民经济的发展。•TheendlessinterferenceintheoverseasaffairsstrainedtheAmericanadministration’sprinciplesaswellasitsbudgets.•无休止的干预海外事务，不仅使美国政府的原则立场无法自圆其说，而且使其预算捉襟见肘。DivisioninC-Etranslation•这种床垫工艺先进、结构新颖、造型美观、款式多样、舒适大方、携带方便。•Thisbedcushionischaracterizedbyadvancedtechnology,novelstructure,beautifulshapeandvariouspatterns.Theyareportableandcomfortable.•一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。•Deedandwordmustmatchandtheoryandpracticemustbecloselyintegrated.Wemustrejectflashinesswithoutsubstanceandeverysortofboasting.Theremustbelessemptytalkandmorehardwork.Wemustbesteadfastanddedicated.CombinationCombinationinE-Ctranslation•Inordertoproduceasmooth,idiomaticChineseversion,itisacceptableforustorendertwoormoreEnglishsentencesintoone.Confuciuswasabelieverinmoralactionandinwhatwetodaycallhumandevelopment.Headvocatedtheestablishmentofharmonywithinthesocialorder.•孔夫子信仰道德的行为，信仰我们今天所说的人的发展，提倡在社会秩序内建立和谐。•Althoughthesizeofthetaskwaitingt