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不定式由“to+do(动词原形)”构成,其否定形式是“nottodo”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,在句子中作______,_____,_____,_____,_____,_____或_________。不定式没有人称和数的变化,但有_____和_____的变化。独立结构主语表语宾语宾补定语状语时态语态不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被动语态，如下表所示。形式主动被动一般式进行式完成式完成进行式todotohavedonetobedoingtohavebeendoingtobedonetohavebeendone当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时用_____语态；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时用_____语态。进行式和完成进行式没有被动语态。主动被动不定式的被动形式有下列用法:(1)作主语Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.形式主语(2)作宾语SheaskedtobesenttoworkinHongKong.(3)构成复合宾语(宾补)Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidn’tlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.(4)构成复合谓语Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.(5)作定语Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldnextweek?(6)作状语Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等。Hethoughtitisanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.(complexpredicate)Shewasthefirstwomantohavebeenelectedtosuchapost.1.在therebe结构中。Thereisalotofhomeworktodo.Thereisnotimetolose.2.在“…be+adj+todo”结构中。常用的形容词有easy,difficult,hard,impossible,nice,pleasant,light,heavy,interesting,important,expensive,cheap,fit,dangerous等。Heishardtoconvince.Heisimpossibletoworkwith.3.在“too…to…;enough…to…”结构中。Theproblemistoodifficulttoworkout.Thehouseisbigenoughtolivein.4.在“with+n.+todo”结构中。Withnothingtodo,helayinbed.Withsomanyexercisestodo,Ican’tgotothecinema.5.当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。Ihavealettertotypetoday.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?(I是totype的逻辑主语)(you是tosay的逻辑主语)6.一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式表被动。IfeltIwastoblame.1.Thedishesneed____________.tobewashedwash2.Themailisintended__________.sendtobesent4.Thehouseis_________.selltobesold3.Thewallisexpected_____________.tobepaintedpaint1.Shehates_______________(laughat)byherclassmates.2.Timrefused____________________(accompany)byhisfathertoschool.3.Shestruggled___________________(understand)bytheFrenchvisitors.tobeaccompaniedtobeunderstoodtobelaughedat4.Thesearetheissues______________(discuss)tomorrow.5.Thenewdrugis___________(test)outon500patientsnextyear.6.Shewasverybeautifulbutshedidn’tlike___________(envy)byallthegirlsshemet.tobetestedtobeenviedtobediscussed1.我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的时候,或强调动作的承受者时。PrintingwasintroducedtoEuropefromChina.Look!Thereisnothinghere.Everythinghasbeentakenaway.1.Myhamburgerwaseatenbythedog.2.Thetoyismadebyhand.3.HewillbesenttoAfricanextweek.一般现在时：____________________1.Englishisspokenbymanypeople.2.Iamaskedtogetupearlyeveryday.3.ThebooksarewrittenbyLuXun.am/is/are＋done一般过去时：____________________Thesecomputersweremadeinourowncountry.一般将来时：_____________________Shallwebeaskedtoattendtheopeningceremony?was/were＋donewill/shallbe＋done过去将来时：_____________________Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier’smotherassoonasitarrived.wouldbe＋given过去进行时：________________________Thefeastwasbeingpreparedwhenthebirdsarrivedinthesky.现在完成时：________________________Greatprogresshasalsobeenmadeincultureandeducation.现在进行时：________________________Themachineisbeingrepairedintheworkshop.am/is/arebeing＋donewas/werebeing＋donehave/hasbeen＋done过去完成时：_________________ThehugebridgehadbeendamagedbeforetheWorldWarⅡ.将来完成时：__________________________Thebookwillhavebeenpublishedbytheendofnextmonth.hadbeen＋donewill/shallhavebeen＋done含有情态动词的动词变成被动语态：_____________________情态动词+be+doneThisproblemcanbesolved.What’sdonecannotbeundone.1.某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动词可以表示被动意义。cook,smell,taste,wash,write,shut,prove,sell,read1)Thedishtastesdelicious.2)Thetheoryprovedrightatlast.Thebookissointerestingthatitsellswell.sells此处为不及物动词“销售起来;有销路”的意思；作及物动词为“卖;出售”。Thiskindofclothwasheswell.(耐洗)2.need+v.-ing表示“主语承受动词发出的动作”，表示被动意义。我的车需要修理。Mycarneedsrepairing.(=toberepaired).beg,equal,fail,hold,possess,fit,become,contain,cost,fit,have,lack,suit等。ThisnewEnglish-Chinesedictionarycostmetendollars.3.某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：如：战争爆发了。Thewarbrokeout.Thewarwasbrokeout.4.通常只有及物动词（组）才有被动语态，不及物动词没有。“be＋过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：Theenemywassoonsurroundedbyus.Thehouseissurroundedbytrees.Shewasbittenbythedoginthedarkness.Iwasexcitedbythenewsthatmyhusbandgotpromoted.1.Myfatherwillrepairmybikeforme.Mybikewill__________bymyfatherforme.2.Ihavefoundmywallet.Mywallethas___________.3.Shetoldmetowaithereforher.I_________towaithereforher.berepairedbeenfoundwastold4.Thepolicewillsurelyarrestthemurderer.Themurdererwillsurely___________bythepolice.5.TheyinvitedMr.Greentomakeaspeech.Mr.Green__________tomakeaspeech.6.Youmustn’ttakethosebooksoutofthereading-room.Thosebooksmustn’t________outofthereading-room.bearrestedwasinvitedbetaken