关于整形的英文介绍,不得不看哦Plastic surgery

PlasticsurgeryMadeby:张博阳付亚云•Inrecentyears,moreandmorepeople,especiallysomeyounggirlschoosetotakeplasticsurgeries.Somepeoplearguethatthiskindofsurgerycanimproveone'sappearance,thussecureagoodjob.Othersholdadifferentopinion,theyconsiderplasticsurgeryasawasteofmoney.Plasticsurgeryhistory•Plasticsurgeryisamedicalspecialtyconcernedwiththecorrectionorrestorationofformandfunction.Thoughcosmeticoraestheticsurgeryisthebest-knownkindofplasticsurgery,mostplasticsurgeryisnotcosmetic:plasticsurgeryincludesmanytypesofreconstructivesurgery,handsurgery,microsurgery,andthetreatmentofburns.ReconstructivesurgerytechniqueswerebeingcarriedoutinIndiaby800BC.Sushruta（苏胥如塔）,thefatherof•Indiansurgery,madeimportantcontributionstothefieldofplasticandcataractsurgeryin6thcenturyBC.ThemedicalworksofbothSushrutaandCharakoriginallyinSanskritweretranslatedintoArabiclanguageduringtheAbbasidCaliphatein750AD.TheArabictranslationsmadetheirwayintoEuropeviaintermediaries.[5]InItalytheBrancafamily[6]ofSicilyandGaspare（加斯帕雷）Tagliacozzi(Bologna博洛尼亚)becamefamiliarwiththetechniquesofSushruta.•BritishphysicianstraveledtoIndiatoseerhinoplasty（鼻整形）beingperformedbynativemethods.ReportsonIndianrhinoplastyperformedbyaKumharvaidyawerepublishedintheGentleman'sMagazineby1794.JosephConstantineCarpuespent20yearsinIndiastudyinglocalplasticsurgerymethods.CarpuewasabletoperformthefirstmajorsurgeryintheWesternworldby1815.InstrumentsdescribedintheSushrutaSamhitawerefurthermodifiedintheWesternworld.•AulusCorneliusCelsus,wholivedinthefirstcenturyAD,describedplasticsurgeryoftheface,usingskinfromotherpartsofthebody.TheancientEgyptiansandRomansalsoperformedplasticcosmeticsurgery.TheRomanswereabletoperformsimpletechniques,suchasrepairingdamagedearsfromaroundthe1stcenturyBC.•Forreligiousreasons,theydidnotdissecteitherhumanbeingsoranimals,thustheirknowledgewasbasedinitsentiretyonthetextsoftheirGreekpredecessors.Notwithstanding,AulusCorneliusCelsusleftsomesurprisinglyaccurateanatomicaldescriptions,[9]someofwhich—forinstance,hisstudiesonthegenitaliaandtheskeleton—areofspecialinteresttoplasticsurgery.•In1465,Sabuncuoglu'sbook,description,andclassificationofhypospadiaswasmoreinformativeanduptodate.Localizationofurethralmeatuswasdescribedindetail.Sabuncuoglualsodetailedthedescriptionandclassificationofambiguousgenitalia.[citationneeded]common.•Inmid-15thcenturyEurope,HeinrichvonPfolspeundtdescribedaprocesstomakeanewnoseforonewholacksitentirely,andthedogshavedevoureditbyremovingskinfromthebackofthearmandsuturingitinplace.However,becauseofthedangersassociatedwithsurgeryinanyform,especiallythatinvolvingtheheadorface,itwasnotuntilthe19thand20thcenturiesthatsuchsurgerybecame•Upuntilthetechniquesofanesthesia（麻醉）becameestablished,surgeriesinvolvinghealthytissuesinvolvedgreatpain.Infectionfromsurgerywasreducedbytheintroductionofsteriletechniquesanddisinfectants.Theinventionanduseofantibiotics,beginningwithsulfadrugsandpenicillin,wasanotherstepinmakingelectivesurgerypossible.•In1792,Chopartperformedoperativeprocedureonalipusingaflapfromtheneck.In1814,JosephCarpuesuccessfullyperformedoperativeprocedureonaBritishmilitaryofficerwhohadlosthisnosetothetoxiceffectsofmercurytreatments.In1818,GermansurgeonCarlFerdinandvonGraefepublishedhismajorworkentitledRhinoplastik.VonGraefemodifiedtheItalianmethodusingafreeskingraftfromthearminsteadoftheoriginaldelayedpedicleflap.•In1792,Chopartperformedoperativeprocedureonalipusingaflapfromtheneck.In1814,JosephCarpuesuccessfullyperformedoperativeprocedureonaBritishmilitaryofficerwhohadlosthisnosetothetoxiceffectsofmercurytreatments.In1818,GermansurgeonCarlFerdinandvonGraefepublishedhismajorworkentitledRhinoplastik.VonGraefemodifiedtheItalianmethodusingafreeskingraftfromthearminsteadoftheoriginaldelayedpedicleflap.•In1792,Chopartperformedoperativeprocedureonalipusingaflapfromtheneck.In1814,JosephCarpuesuccessfullyperformedoperativeprocedureonaBritishmilitaryofficerwhohadlosthisnosetothetoxiceffectsofmercurytreatments.In1818,GermansurgeonCarlFerdinandvonGraefepublishedhismajorworkentitledRhinoplastik.VonGraefemodifiedtheItalianmethodusingafreeskingraftfromthearminsteadoftheoriginaldelayedpedicleflap.•ThefirstAmericanplasticsurgeonwasJohnPeterMettauer,who,in1827,performedthefirstcleftpalateoperationwithinstrumentsthathedesignedhimself.In1845,JohannFriedrichDieffenbachwroteacomprehensivetextonrhinoplasty,entitledOperativeChirurgie,andintroducedtheconceptofreoperationtoimprovethecosmeticappearanceofthereconstructednose.•In1891,Americanotorhinolaryngologist（耳鼻喉科专家）JohnRoepresentedanexampleofhiswork,ayoungwomanonwhomhereducedadorsalnasalhumpforcosmeticindications.In1892,RobertWeirexperimentedunsuccessfullywithxenografts（异种移植）(ducksternum)inthereconstructionofsunkennoses.•In1896,JamesIsrael,aurologicalsurgeonfromGermany,andin1889GeorgeMonksoftheUnitedStateseachdescribedthesuccessfuluseofheterogeneousfree-bonegraftingtoreconstructsaddlenosedefects.In1898,JacquesJoseph,theGermanorthopaedic（整形外科）-trainedsurgeon,publishedhisfirstaccountofreductionrhinoplasty.In1928,Jac