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★动词的时态：时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。体时一般进行完成完成进行现在doam/is/are+doinghave/has+donehave/has+beendoing过去didwere/was+doinghaddonehadbeen+doing将来will/shall+dowill/shallbe+doingwill/shallhave+donewill/shallhavebeen+doing过去将来would/should+dowould/shouldbe+doingwould/shouldhave+donewould/shouldhavebeen+doing一般现在时的用法1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。every…,sometimes,often,usually,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Heisalone.2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。4)表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon'twantsomuch.。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.Ilikesinging.Hebelieveshecanachievehisgoaloneday.5)用在以（if,unless,before,assoonas,when,once,themore----themore)引导的时间和条件状语从句中表将来•I’llparticipateinthegameifitdoesn’train.I’lllethimknowassoonashecomes.Themorehestudieshard,themoreprogresshewillmake.有时为了强调动作的完成，有些动词也可用现在完成时。Don’tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.Whenyouhavefinishedyourhomework,youcanplayforawhile.6)根据时刻表的安排将要发生的事件，日程一般不可变更，语气比较肯定，常用的动词有：arrive,leave,come,go,open,close,return,start,begin,end,stop等。Thetrainsarrivesat18:40.Theshopopensat8a.mandclosesat11.pm.7)以here或there开头的句子，说明正在发生的动作，谓语动词不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。Getitready.Herecomesabus.Look!Therefliesakiteinthesky.8)Makesure,seetoitthat，besure,takecare,makecertain,后接从句，常用一般现在时代替将来时。Makesureallthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleave.Besureyoufinishittoday.Seetoitthatthedoorislockedbeforeyougoout.一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982…Istayeduplastnight,forIhadalotofhomeworktodo.Wheredidyougojustnow?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里Ihardlyrecognizedyou,Marry.Ididn’tknowyouwerecoming.Whydidn’tyouthinkofthat?Ididn’tnoticeit.IforgottotellyouthatIhadbeenwithmybrotherbefore.Ididn’trecognizehim.4)用于代替过去完成时：由于after,before,until等连接已说明了复合句中两个动词所表示动作的先后，可以用一般过去时代替。例如：Afterhe(had)finishedreadingthenewspaper,hehandedittome.Ididn’tunderstandtheproblemuntilhe(had)explainedit.4)用在一些句型里：Itistimeyouwenttobed.IwishIwereabird.I'dratheryoucametomorrow.4)用在一些句型里：Itistimeyouwenttobed.IwishIwereabird.I'dratheryoucametomorrow.▲比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)■一般将来时1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall+动词时间状语有：tomorrow，nextweek等等。I’llgotoyourcitytomorrow.2)bedoing，表计划的将来，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，安排可以变更，常用动词有：go,come,leave,arrive等。HeisleavingforAmericaonbusinessnextmonth.3)begoingtodo，表示将来。a.主语的打算、意图，即将做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.表示“预测”，说明有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.4)betodo表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事，或表示要求、命令做某事,在if引导的条件从句中，表示一种愿望。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.YouaretofinishtheworkbyFriday.Ifyouaretosucceed,youmustworkhard.5)beabouttodo，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。2.begoingto/will的区别：▲用于条件句时，begoingto表将来will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.3.beto和begoingto▲beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。▲begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)I’mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)■现在进行时▲现在进行时的基本用法：a.表示现阶段或目前正进行的动作。Wearewaitingforyou.Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovelthismonth.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)b.表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.c.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.典型例题：Idon’treallyworkhere;I__________outuntilthenewsectaryarrives.A.justhelpB.willjusthelpC.amjusthelpingD.justhelped从第一句可知，我并不是真的在这里工作，由此判断我只是临时在帮忙一直到新秘书到来为止。所以它表示现阶段正在进行的动作。故C为正确答案。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某时段正在进行的动作。这一特定的时间可用时间状语连用。如：atthattime;at8o’clocklastnight;thistimeyesterday;when…也可用上下暗示。Iwashavingbreakfastat7:30thismorning.Theywerehavingadiscussionthewholemorningyesterday.典型例题：-----“Sorrytohaveinterruptyou,pleasegoon.”-------WherewasI?------“You_________youdidn’tlikeyourfather’sjob.”A.hadsaidB.saidC.weresayingD.hadbeensaying注意：与always,constantly等频度副词连用表达在过去一个临时的时间段内反复进行的事情或表达某种感情色彩。例如：Duringtheperiodofrecentterroristactivities,people____nottotouchanyunattendedbag(09上海）AhadalwaysbeenwarnedB.werealwaysbeingwarnedC.arealwayswarningD.alwayswarnedCB■过去将来时：表示过去某一时刻以后将发生的动作和状态，常用在宾语从句中。如：YesterdaywedecidedthatweshouldgotoShanghainextweek.Shesaidshewouldwaitformeattheschoolgate.现在完成时构成：have(has)+过去分词。现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用,如：already;yet;bythistime;just;ever;never;now;before;recently;lately;--times等。1)表示动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响。如：IhavejustcomebackfromAmerica.Hehasalreadypostedmyletter.2)表示动作或状态自过去某一时间开始，持续到现在，常与since，for,sofar,uptillnow,in/during/forthepast(last)fewyears,等连用。如：Hehasbeenillsincelastmonth.Herfatherhasbeendeadfortenyears.注意：含有瞬间意义的动词如join,die,leave,receive,buyarrive等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，例如：HehasjoinedtheArmyfor5years(×)HehasbeenintheArmyfor5years.(√)Itis/hasbeen5year