镜头锐度(解像力) - 一个永恒的追求

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要提高摄影水平就要多看大师作品多听大师意见。但是光看中国的不行,一定要放眼世界,瞄准全球顶尖水平。摄影专业英文的重要性就不言而喻了。我花了半个周末的时间翻译了这篇我认为很好的文章,英文原文也一并附上,希望对摄影初学者和学英文的同学都有所帮助。也期待大家的批评指正。此文的翻译初稿是2003年初完成的,这里我要感谢园园小姐那时候的热心帮助,做为英文专业人士她耐心帮我改正了不少我译文中的一些欠妥之处。翻译是再创作,此话真的不假。太费时间了。SO谢谢我自己,和园园。本文作者的照片:LensSharpness-TheNever-EndingQuestButHowSharpIsitReally!?OneofthemostcommonquestionsthatI'maskedis,Isthe...lenssharperthanthe...lens?Avariationonthisthemeis...Whatdoyouthinkofthe...lens?Isitsharp?Orthere'sthemoregeneric...Isazoomlensassharpasaprimelens?镜头锐度(解像力)-一个永恒的追求一个镜头的解像力到底能有多高?最常见的一个问题通常是:镜头A比镜头B锐度高吗?类似的问题:您觉得这支镜头怎样?锐度高吗?或者更普遍点的问题诸如:变焦镜头的解像力和定焦镜头的同样好吗?That'senough!I'mabouttoansweryourquestions,(aswellasafewthatyoudidn'task),andfromhereon,untiltheendoftime,youneedaskthemnomore.And,ifanyoneasksyouthesequestions,you'llnowknowwheretoreferthem.Righthere.够了!现在我就来回答你的这些问题(还包括其他你也许没问到的),从此直到地球的末日,你就再也不会问此类问题了。如果再有人问你,你知道该让他们上哪儿找答案-这里。What'sAllThisAboutSharpnessAnyhow?到底为什么会有这么多摄影者关心镜头的锐度?Therearephotographerswholovetotestandcomparethings.Whentheymakeprintsorexaminetheirslidesunderaloupe,theyarenotlookingtoseeiftheyhaveproperlycapturedaspeciallocation,lightorsubject.Theyarefirstandforemostconcernedwithtechnicalqualityratherthanimagequality.因为摄影者总是喜欢测试和比较。当他们把照片冲洗出来或用高倍放大镜仔细看他们的幻灯片时,通常他们不是去看自己是否拍得正确,他们最关心的总是设备的技术指标而不是照片本身。Consequentlytheyfretandfuss.Theychooseprimesoverzooms.Theybuythemostexpensivebrandsofbodiesandlenses.Butthenwhentheyhavethem,whatdotheydo?Dotheysettledowntopursuetheirphotography?No,theyfussandfretsomemore,worryingthatifonlytheyhadasharperlenstheirphotographywouldsomehowimprove.Soundfamiliar?自然的,他们大惊小怪,然后焦躁不安。他们扔掉变焦镜去买定焦。他们去买最昂贵的机身和镜头。但是,买来之后,他们又是怎么做的呢?专心致志的去追求摄影艺术吗?没有,他们更加大惊小怪,更加焦躁不安,觉得要是有一个解像力更好的镜头,他们的照片肯定会更好。嗯,听起来耳熟?Thereisn'taphotographeralivewhodoesn'tcareabouthowsharphisorherlensesare.It'soneoftheprimarymaniasofanyoneplayingthisgame.Webuyandselldifferentbrandsofcamerasinsearchoftheholygrailofsharpness.地球上没有不关心镜头解像力的摄影师。这也是任何摄影装备焦躁狂的典型症状。我们不停的买进卖出不同品牌的相机和镜头,为了有一天能到达锐度的天堂。ShouldItradeinmyNikongearforCanon?ShouldItradeinmyCanonoutfitforNikonglass?damn,maybeIshouldbuyaLeicasystem.IhearLeicalensesarefantastic.But,howaboutContax?ThoseZeisslenseshavegreatreputations.Butboy,arethoselenseseverexpensive.Aretheyworthit?我要不要把尼康相机卖了换佳能?我要不要把佳能镜头卖了换尼康?NND,也许我应该买一个莱卡,我听说莱卡镜头绝对的好;但是,也许康太时(CONTAX)更好?它们用的蔡司镜头可是名声在外啊。不过,这些镜头都那么贵。它们真的值那个价钱???Iknowyou'veneverhadthesethoughts,butyouhaveheardfromlotsofotherphotographerswhohave.Gotoanyoftheon-linediscussionboards.Youwillfindthattalkaboutlenssharpnessrepresentsprobablyhalfthediscussions—mostofitfilledwithunsubstantiatedopinionsandmistruths.我知道也许你并没想到这些问题,但你肯定听别人谈论过。去网上那些摄影论坛看看,一半以上的篇幅都在讨论类似的问题,许多帖子都缺乏真凭实据,还有些根本就是在误导。After40yearsasaprofessionalphotographeraswellasanardentamateur,asateacherandasajournalist,I'velearnedcertainthingsaboutphotographyandphotographicequipment,andspecifictothistopic—aboutlenssharpness,itsimportanceaswellas,frequently,itslackofimportance.做为一个狂热的摄影爱好者以及职业摄影师四十余年,同时也是摄影记者和讲师,本人熟悉摄影的方方面面。摄影器材(特别是本文所要讨论的话题-镜头锐度),当然是重要的-不过,更多的时候,并不是那么重要。HeretheniswhatIknowaboutthesubject,shornofasmuchbafflegabandBSasIknowhowtomakeit.SomeCosmicTruthsI'mnowgoingtoletyouinonthegreattruths.Theonesthatalltruecognoscentiknow,butthatarehiddenfromnewcomersandtheotherwiseuninitiated.Ifyou'rereallyobservantyoumaynoticethatthispiecehassomescatteredevidenceoftheuseofirony,(somewouldcallitsarcasm.)Ignorethemanbehindthecurtain.Istandbehindeverystatement.一些宇宙级事实现在我将告诉你一些事实。所有真正的可知论者都应该知道的事实,但是它们通常不被摄影新人所了解,或者从来没人系统的论述过。如果你仔细看你会发现这篇文章有不少讥讽之辞(也许该叫挖苦?)请忽略那个幕后的人,这里的每个字都是我写的。Finally,notebeforeyouentertheinnersanctumthatIhaveoccasionallyusedthewordUsually.That'sbecausetobeauniversaltruth,theremustbeanexceptionthatmakesitso.Otherwise,whatwouldwehavetoargueabout?最后,在你进入这个镜头锐度的最后圣殿前,请注意我在文中常用“一般来说”这个词,因为必须要把几个例外排除后绝对真理才会成立,要不然我们又怎么会争来吵去呢?PrimeLensesareSharperthanZoomsLenses(Usually)Thetitlesaysitall.Thereisnofreelunch!Ifyouwanttheutmostinsharpness,don'tbuyazoomlens.But,ifyouwantgreatershootingversatilitybyallmeansdobuyazoom.You'dbeafoolnotto.定焦镜头的锐度比变焦镜头高(一般来说)顾名思义。天下没有免费的午餐!如果你追求绝对锐度,那就别买变焦镜头。不过,如果你需要摄影灵活性,请一定买变焦镜头。不这样做那你就是傻瓜。Whyareprimessharper?Anumberofreasons.Zoomslensesbynecessityhavemoreelementsthanprimes.Thismakesthemmoredifficulttodesign,increasestheriskofvariousformsofopticalaberration,andcanreducecontrastandincreaseflare.为什么定焦镜头锐度更高?好几个原因。因为要变焦,所以变焦镜头的镜片数目比定焦的多。这样以来变焦头就更难设计,更容易发生光学色差,镜片数目多也会减低对比度并增加光斑(特别是逆光时的反光-译者注)。Primelensesusuallyhavelargeraperturesthanzooms,andthelawsofopticssaythatallotherthingsbeingequal(whichtheyoftenaren't)awideraperturelenswillbesharperthanonewithasmalleraperture—theissuebeingdiffractioneffects.定焦镜头通常比变焦的光圈大。光学定律(衍射定律)告诉我们-在同样情况下,大光圈镜头比小光圈的锐度高。Havingmadethecaseforprimelenses,letmesaythatthreeofthesharpestlensesIown,theCanon70~200f/2.8LISzoom,Leica'sMseries28-35-50mmTri-Elmar,andthePentax67's55~100mmf/4.5zoom,areasgoodasanyprimesintheirformatsthatI'veeverused.AsIsaid—usuallysometimesdefinestherule.OK,这是定焦镜的一般规律,让我来说说我的三支锐度最高的镜头,它们是:佳能的70-200F2.8LIS变焦镜;莱卡M系列的三段式变焦镜头Tri-Elmar28-35-50mm;宾得67的55-100mmF4.5变焦镜。这三支变焦镜比我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