瓷器

CeramicCeramic1.Historiesofceramic2.cloisonné3.Applicationofceramicinlife1.Historiesofceramic(1)ShangDynastyProto-celadon(灰釉陶;原始青瓷)AtypeofChineseceramicwhichdevelopedduringtheShangperiodandWesternperiods.Itisoftenqualifiedasproto-porcelain,andwasusuallyadornedwithalightyellowishgreenglaze.DuringtheShangandZhouperiods,proto-celadonwasmainlyproducedintheareassouthoftheYangtzeriver.Followingthisperiod,productiongreatlyimprovedinquantityandquality.(1)YinDynastyruinsTheexcavationofYinDynastyruins,Yinempty,broughtexcitingnewstoChinesearcheologists.fromhere;theydiscoveredmanyceramicpiecesandceramicjarsvariousinkindscolorandstyle.Includinggreypottery,blackpotteryredpotterywhitepotteryandpaintedpottery.andthedecorativepaintingsandcharactersappearedonthemhaveacloserelationshipwiththeoraclesandproto-calando.Atthattime,proto-calandocanonlybeusedbyupperclasses(2)QinandHanperiod•Green-glazedpottery(Chinese:緑釉陶器)wasatypeofcoloredpotterydevelopedinChinaduringtheEasternHanperiod(25-220CE).Thebodyofgreen-glazedpotteryceramicswasmadeofclay,coatedwithalayerofglaze,andfiredatatemperatureof800degreesCelsius.Green-glazedpotteryisatypeoflead-glazedpottery(Chinese:鉛釉陶器):Duetothelowfiringtemperature,theseobjectsarefragileandhavehighwaterabsorption.•Green-glazedpotterywastobefollowedbySancaipolychromeglazesfromthe7thcenturyduringtheTangperiod.•FromtheEasternHanperiod,trueceladonware(Chinese:成熟青瓷)startedtoappear,withproductionfocusedontheZhejianProvince.Althoughstillfollowingtheshapesandpatternsofproto-celadonwares,theseadvancesnowrepresentedthecharacteristicsoftrueporcelain,withrefinedandpureclaysandcorrectfiringtemperatures.Tiles(eavestile)andbricks•Tiles(eavestile)andbricks•屋檐最前端的一片瓦为瓦当，瓦面上带著有花纹垂挂圆型的挡片。Tiles,theyareveriousindesignandpaintmanydifferentthingscanappearontilessuchasanimals,geometrylines,zoomorphicmasks•汉砖：thedecorationonbricksalsohasawideselection,nomatterthepaintingsorcarves,theyareveryvivid秦砖汉瓦ProtoceladonjarwithearsandverticalstripesWarringStatesperiodGreenglazedpotterydogEasternHan(3)Tangdynasty•tri-colouredglazed•potteryofthe•TangDynasty.•Thebasicglazesareyellow,brownandgreen.Thisyellow-glazedpotteryhorseincludesacarefullysculptedsaddle,whichisdecoratedwithleatherstrapsandornamentalfasteningsfeaturingeight-petalledflowersandapricotleaves(4)SongDynastyTheappearanceofofficialkilnthefivefamousofficialkilnDingkiln(定窑)、Rukiln(汝窑)、officialkiln(官窑)、Gekiln(哥窑)、(Junkiln)钧窑为五大名窑，形制优美，高雅凝重，不但超越前人的成就，即使后人仿制也少能匹敌。NextpageisthepictureofJunkiln、Rukiln、Dingkiln、Gekilnandofficialkiln.(Fromlefttoright)(5)YuanandMingdynasty•Blueandwhiteporcelain(5)MingandQingdynasty•WiththeadventoftheMingDynastyin1368,blueandwhitewarewasshunnedforatimebytheCourt,especiallyundertheHongwuandYongleEmperors,asbeingtooforeignininspiration.BlueandwhiteporcelainhowevercamebacktoprominencewiththeXuandeEmperor,andagaindevelopedfromthattimeon.BlueandwhitebowlJingdezhenMingYongle2.cloisonné•Cloisonnéisanancienttechniquefordecoratingmetalworkobjects,inrecentcenturiesusingvitreousenamel,andinolderperiodsalsoinlaysofcutgemstones,glass,andothermaterials.Theresultingobjectscanalsobecalledcloisonné.Thedecorationisformedbyfirstaddingcompartments(cloisonsinFrench)tothemetalobjectbysolderingoradheringsilverorgoldwiresorthinstripsplacedontheiredges.Theseremainvisibleinthefinishedpiece,separatingthedifferentcompartmentsoftheenamelorinlays,whichareoftenofseveralcolors.Cloisonnéenamelobjectsareworkedonwithenamelpowdermadeintoapaste,whichthenneedstobefiredinakiln.•Thetechniquewasinancienttimesmostlyusedforjewelleryandsmallfittingsforclothes,weaponsorsimilarsmallobjectsdecoratedwithgeometricorschematicdesigns,withthickcloisonwalls.IntheByzantineEmpiretechniquesusingthinnerwiresweredevelopedtoallowmorepictorialimagestobeproduced,mostlyusedforreligiousimagesandjewellery,andbythenalwaysusingenamel.Bythe14thcenturythisenameltechniquehadspreadtoChina,whereitwassoonusedformuchlargervesselssuchasbowlsandvases;thetechniqueremainscommoninChinatothepresentday,andcloisonnéenamelobjectsusingChinese-derivedstyleswereproducedintheWestfromthe18thcentury.景泰蓝•又称铜胎掐丝珐琅，是一种将各种颜色的珐琅附在铜胎或是青铜胎上，烧制而成的瑰丽多彩的工艺美术品，最早的文字记载出现在元朝。因其是在中国明朝景泰年间兴盛起来，因此命名为景泰珐琅或是景泰琅。后来又因多用宝石蓝、孔雀蓝色釉作为底衬色，而且“琅”的发音近似“蓝”，最后演变成“景泰蓝”这个名字。后来这个名字广泛的包括所有的铜胎掐丝珐琅。3.ApplicationofceramicinlifeThankYou!