【专升本英语语法基础】定语从句ByGordon一、概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句。e.g.Lilyisanicegirl.Lilyisagirlwhoisnice.①②③↓↓↓先行词关系词句子返回二、相关知识点:1.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。(1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(先行词作主语)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(先行词作宾语)(2)whose用来指人或物(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)。例如:Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.(3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(先行词作主语)Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(先行词作宾语)2.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在句中作状语。(1)关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”的结构,因此常常和“介词+which”的结构交替使用。例如:Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?(2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsage.3.判断关系代词与关系副词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词,而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:ThisisthefactorythatIvisitedyesterday.ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedfiveyearsago.方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词或者关系副词。关系词的选择,取决于先行词在从句中所做的成分。先行词在从句中做主、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,as,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。4.限制性和非限制性定语从句(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。例如:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.(2)当先行词被专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.注意:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。5.介词+关系词(which,who,whom)(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。(2)that前不能有介词。(inthat例外)(3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如:Thisisthehouseinwhich/whereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhich/whenyoujoinedourclub?6.as,which引导的非限制性定语从句在as,which引导的非限制性定语从句中,as和which可代替整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。as一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且再定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可以。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词,若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。注意:(1)thesame和such之后用as;(2)which不能放在句首,而as可以放在句后或句首;(3)as有“正如”,“就像”之意。常与动词see,know,think,expect,report等搭配使用。例如:asweknow,asisknowntoall,asissaidabove,asismentionedabove,asisreported,ashadbeenexpected…7.关系代词That的用法(1)不用That的情况:a.引导非限制性定语从句时Thebook,whichisold,isveryinteresting.b.介词后面不能用thatWedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.(2)只能用That作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a.在therebe句型中,只能用that,不用which。b.在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只能用that,不用which。c.先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只能用that。d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that。e.先行词既有人,又有物时,只能用that。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.三、定语从句应注意的地方:(一)先行词对定语从句中的动词的制约1.I,whoamyourfriend,willhelpyoucertainly.注意别受疑问句Whoisthatman?Whoiscoming?等的影响,在定语从句中也用is,忘记了先行词是I,后面的动词应该是am。2.HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.在定语从句的习惯使用中,oneof后面的名词是复数,这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词,因而know不加s,而在oneof前面有theonly或者thevery时,后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.(二)主句和从句的时态可以不一致Tom,whoismyfriend,cametoseemeyesterday.在定语从句中,据需要可以用一般现在的状态,如whoismyfriend这个从句中,就要用一般现在时。(三)在从句使用了多余的代词Iwillgiveyouthebookwhichyouwillfinditinteresting.定语从句中的it是多余的,因为which已经代表了thebook在定语从句中做了find的宾语,不能用it来做它的宾语。(四)漏了关系词Imetthemanwhostolemywatch.(五)漏了应带的介词Let’sfindaroomwhichwecanputourthingsin.CouldyoupleasegivemeapenwhichIcanwritewith.(六)分清楚介词是属于那一部分的ThisisthetownthatshelivedinGermanywhenshewasyoung.(×)在shelivedinGermany里有介词in,但它不属于livedintown的结构,而是thetowninGermany的结构,也就是说in是后面的,那么lived后面就少了一个in。正确的应该是:ThisisthetownwhereshelivedinGermanywhenshewasyoung.ThisisthetowninwhichshelivedinGermanywhenshewasyoung.(七)分不清楚先行词在从句中做主语还是宾语a.Thisisthehousewheretheylivedlastyear.b.Thisisthehouse(which/that)theybuiltlastyear.c.Thisisthetimewhenweleft.d.Thisisthetimethatremindedusofthehappylifeinourschool.(八)看不出插入句部分,以为是定语从句,影响句中动词的选择。ImetamanwhoIthought____tohelpus.A.wouldcomeB.ofcomingC.tocomeD.comeImetamanwho(Ithought)wouldcometohelpus.(九)冠词处理不好Asailorisamanthatworksinaship.Heisthemanthathelpedmeyesterday.1.Isthisfactory___youvisitedlastyear?A.theoneB.thatC.whichD.where2.Isthisthefactory___youvisitedlastyear?A.theoneB.thatC.whoD.where(十)分不清楚同位语还是定语从句A.Weheardthenewsthatpleasedeveryone.(定语从句)B.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.(同位语从句)Homework1.专项练习阅读理解第一类型3,4两篇文章及第二类型的3,4两篇文章,共4篇。2.翻译练习题第三、四两个单元3.复习单词,定语从句课后习题。EndoftheClassTobeContinued…