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Books:•Author'ssurnameandinitialsorfirstname•Yearofpublication•Titleofbooksinitalics(orunderlinedifhand-written)•Nameofpublisher•Placeofpublication•Examples:•Kaberry,P.(1939)AboriginalWomen,SacredandProfane.Routledge,London.•ArticlesinJournals,PeriodicalsandNewspapers•Author'ssurnamefollowedbyinitialsorfirstname•Yearofpublication•Titleofarticleinsinglequotationmarks•Titleofjournalinitalics(orunderlined)•Volumenumberandissuenumber,ifapplicablePagenumber/s•Example:•McFarlane,B.1965,'India:Thepoliticaleconomyofcrisis‘.TheAustralianQuarterly,vol.37,March,p.9.ASAMPLEBIBLIOGRAPHY•Bone,Pamela,(1993),'CryingShame.WomenandHumanRights‘.TheSydneyMorningHerald,28June,p.9.(Newspaperarticle,authorknown)•Blainey,G.(1966),TheTyrannyofDistance.SunBooks,Melbourne.(Book)•Brough,S.(ed.)(1989)TheEconomicAtlas,Hutchinson,London.(Referencebookeditedwork)•'Computerindustryblamed',SydneyMorningHerald,7July1997,p.3.(Newspaperarticle,authorunknown)•Cotton,C.(1994)'AtyrannyofCensorsinMyanmar',WorldPressExpress,vol41,March,p.33.(Journalarticle)Bibliographycontinued•Kelly,Nn.d.,HangingOutatGlenrowan.BushwhackersPress,Melbourne.(Workwithnopublicationdate)•Leech,O.(1993),'Callforresearchshake-up‘.Australian,11August,p.13.(Newspaperarticle)Writingaprosesummary(Precis)•Aprosesummaryisacondensed,paraphrasedversionoftheoriginalmaterialwhichcanbeveryusefultoyouforinclusioninessaysandreports.•Asummaryshouldcontainonlytheinformationthathasbeenpresentedintheoriginalpassage.Therefore,donot:•includeyourownopinions•useyourownexamples•giveadditionalinformation•alterthebalanceofanyargumentpresentedSometipsforwritingasummary•Writeincontinuousprose,withalogicalconnectionofideas.Wordssuchasbut,however,nevertheless,because,therefore,andalthoughareusefultoestablishasmoothflowofideas.However,youmustusethemwithcareandaccuracysothatyoudonotdistorttheoriginalmeaning.•Usereportedorindirectspeechandthethirdperson.Forexample:Thechiefinspectorsaid,'Ihaveneverseensuchahorriblecrimeinallmyyearsasapoliceofficer.'(Directspeech.)Thechiefinspectorclaimednevertohavewitnessedsuchahorriblecrimethroughouthisentirecareerasapoliceofficer.(Indirectspeech,paraphrased)•Whenusingindirectspeech,usethepasttense(asabove).•WriteinformalEnglish.•Useyourownwords(paraphrase)asfaraspossible.•Leaveoutexamples,illustrations,etc.•activityActivityWriteasummaryofthetable:Theriseoftheonepersonhousehold.Howtowriteasummaryoftheinformationfromatable•Mentiontheimportantpointsraisedorquestionsasked.•Mentionthe'sample'(iethepeoplewhowereinterviewed)ifimportant•Concentrateonthemainfindingsofthesurvey:donottrytoreportoneveryaspect,especiallyifitishighlycomplex•Trytogeneralisethefindings(iefactsandfigures)•Usereported(orindirect)ratherthandirectspeech.Exercise:Writingasummaryfromatable.SampleAnswer•NinemajorEuropeancountriesarerepresentedinthegraph,whichdepictstheriseofonepersonhouseholdsbetween1981and1991.Thegraphshowsthatwhilethepercentageofsuchhouseholdsvariesconsiderably,allcountries,exceptperhapsSpain,experiencedanincreaseinthetenyearsbetween1981and1991.Sweden(at40%)showedthehighestpercentageofone-personhouseholds,whileGermany(at35%)andDenmark(at34%)werealsohigh.Fivecountriesbetween29%and21%,withSpainshowingthelowestpercentageatonly10%.Overtheten-yearperiod,theNetherlandshadthebiggestincrease(13%),closelyfollowedbySweden(11%).Irelandonlyshoweda4%increase,thethreecountries-Denmark,FranceandtheU.K.-showeda3%increase.ThelowestincreasewasinAustria(1%).AsnofigureswereavailableforSpainin1981,itcannotbeseenwhetherthenumberofonepersonhouseholds(10%)infactrepresentsariseoverthe10-yearperiod.163words.MemopurposeUsuallyyouwritememostoinformreadersofspecificinformation.Youmightalsowriteamemotopersuadeotherstotakeaction,givefeedbackonanissue,orreacttoasituation.However,mostmemoscommunicatebasicinformation,suchasmeetingtimesorduedatesBeforewritingamemo,outlinewhatyourpurposeisfordoingso,anddecideifthememoisthebestcommunicationchannel.GeneralFormatmemo•Whenyouwriteamemo,youwillfollowageneralformat.Yourinstructororcompanymayhavespecificrequirementsthatyoumustuse.Forinstance,acompanymighthaveaparticularwayofpresentingaheadingormayevenuseaspecifictypeofletterheadorlogo.•However,usuallyamemohasato,from,subject,anddateentry.Message•Thisiswhyitisimportantthatthefirstsentenceofthememoshouldanswerthatquestionwithapurposestatement.Thebestpurposestatementsareconciseanddirect.•Yourmemo'smessageshouldalsoprovideacontextforreaders.Inotherwords,alwaystellyourreaderswhyyouarewriting.Considerthefollowingquestions:•Isyourmemoaresultofasituation?Forinstance,Asaresultofyesterday'smeeting...•Isyourmemoareminder?Forexample,TheProposalisdueJuly2.Heading•Amemo'sheadingprovidesinformationaboutwhowillreceivethememo,whoissendingthememo,thedate,andthememo'ssubject.Thisinformationmaybeboldedorhighlightedinsomeway.Forexample:•TO:•FROM:•DATE:•SUBJECT:Cont..•Listsrepresentaneffectivewaytopresentinformation.Notonlydotheybreakdownlargeamountsoftext,buttheyalsoprovidetextinawaythatisvisuallypleasing.Listsareespeciallyusefulforconveyingsteps,phas