定语从句(整理)剖析

TheAttributiveClause1.定义：又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词3.关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句的词关系代词关系副词Who,whom,whose,which,that，asWhen,where,whyAdictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.句子主干：定语从句：先行词：关系代词：Adictionaryisabook.whichgivesthemeaningofwords.bookwhich4.分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整.一般用逗号把主句和从句分开引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略引导词：as,who,whom,whose,which,ofwhich,when,where等，不用that或why,不能省略1.Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneis____________________canfly.amachinethat/whichJointhefollowingsentences:2.ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.________wesawyesterdayisMary.Thegirl限制性定语从句举例：1.TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.2.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.3.InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.非限制性定语从句举例：1.Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.2.China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.3.LastsummerIvisitedthePeople’sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.（带插图的书写得好。）（所有的书都写的很好。所有的书都带插图）指代内容所做成分是否可省略that人；物主语,宾语作宾语可省which物主语,宾语作宾语可省who人主语,宾语作宾语可省whom人宾语可省whose(人/物)的定语不可省关系代词的用法1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)ItalkedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomItalkedisMr.Li.3.whose在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与ofwhich互换使用。1.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.=thefatherofwhom2.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.3.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?Doyouknowthegirlwhosehairisveryshortinourclass?Doyouknowthegirl?Herhairisveryshortinourclass.Heisthestudent.Ibrokehispencilyesterday.HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.Wefoundahouseofwhichtheroofhadbeendamaged.Wefoundahousetheroofofwhichhadbeendamaged.Wefoundahousewhoseroofhadbeendamaged.4．which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。1.Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.2.Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.3.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.5.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。1.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?2.Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.3.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.4.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.(1)限制性定语从句中先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,little,some等不定代词指物时。(something用that或which均可)Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)IaminBeijing.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.(2)Therebe句型中用that。(4)先行词是who或which引导的主句。Whoisthegirlthatdrovethecar?Whothatbrokethewindowwillbepunished.WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.(5)当先行词既有人又有物。I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.(6)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,theonly,thevery,thelast,just,right等修饰。Thosearemanytreesunderwhichtheycanhavearest.在下列情况下,一般用which而不用that。(1)紧跟介词作宾语•Football,whichisaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld.•Thetree,whichis400yearsold,isveryfamoushere.(2)在非限制性定语从句中Hemaybelate,inwhichcase,weshouldwaitforhim.(3)作定语as引导定语从句:1)表示“正如”2）位置前、中、后3）只能代指整个主句的内容4）如不是在结构thesame…as../such…as…中，则引导非限制性定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别1.which引导的从句只能放在主句之后；as引导的从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。2.which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“andthis”或“andthat”.译为“这一点”。as只能代指整个主句的内容。常带有“正如”之意，且已形成固定结构。asisknown,asisreported,asissaid,asisexpected,asweknow,etc.1.Einstein,asisknown,isafamousscientist.2.Asisreported,Chinahasbecomeanimportantcountryintheworld.3.TaiwanbelongstoChina,asisknowntoall.4.Bambooishollow,whichmakesitverylight.5.Mysonnowgoestotheschool,whichIusedgotowhenIwasachild.6.Hedidn’tcometoattendthemeeting,asisexpected.3.as在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；而which则不一定。Heisverystrict,asisshowninhiswork.Themanisverylearned,asisdescribedinthebook.4.先行词前有thesame,such限定时，关系词只能用as.Ihavethesameopinionasyou(have).Don’treadsuchbooksasarebeyondyourability.当先行词受thesame修饰时，有时也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.5.主从之间存在逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往用which。Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.关系副词的用法指代内容所做成分是否可省略when时间状语否where地点状语否why原因状语否I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheleague.onwhichI’llneverforgetthetimewhich/thatwasspentwithyou.when在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示时间的名词。相当于介词+which若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用which或that引导定语从句。ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.inwhichThelibrary(which/that)youvisitedyesterdaywasbuiltin1990.where在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往往是表示地点的名词。相当于“介词+which”。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。where引