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成都信息工程学院网络工程学院本科毕业论文设计（设计）英文→中文翻译论文题目基于struts框架的网上购物设计与实现姓名刘忠林专业信息安全班级07级4班学号2007122135指导教师甘刚日期2011年6月20日成绩评分人第1页共16页英文原件内容：ThebirthofnetworkAllprogramminglanguagesprovideabstractions.Itcanbearguedthatthecomplexityoftheproblemsyou’reabletosolveisdirectlyrelatedtothekindandqualityofabstraction.By“kind”Imean,“Whatisitthatyouareabstracting?”Assemblylanguageisasmallabstractionoftheunderlyingmachine.Manyso-called“imperative”languagesthatfollowed(suchasFORTRAN,BASIC,andC)wereabstractionsofassemblylanguage.Theselanguagesarebigimprovementsoverassemblylanguage,buttheirprimaryabstractionstillrequiresyoutothinkintermsofthestructureofthecomputerratherthanthestructureoftheproblemyouaretryingtosolve.Theprogrammermustestablishtheassociationbetweenthemachinemodel(inthe“solutionspace,”whichistheplacewhereyou’remodelingthatproblem,suchasacomputer)andthemodeloftheproblemthatisactuallybeingsolved(inthe“problemspace,”whichistheplacewheretheproblemexists).Theeffortrequiredtoperformthismapping,andthefactthatitisextrinsictotheprogramminglanguage,producesprogramsthataredifficulttowriteandexpensivetomaintain,andasasideeffectcreatedtheentire“programmingmethods”industry.Thealternativetomodelingthemachineistomodeltheproblemyou’retryingtosolve.EarlylanguagessuchasLISPandAPLchoseparticularviewsoftheworld(“Allproblemsareultimatelylists”or“Allproblemsarealgorithmic,”respectively).PROLOGcastsallproblemsintochainsofdecisions.Languageshavebeencreatedforconstraint-basedprogrammingandforprogrammingexclusivelybymanipulatinggraphicalsymbols.(Thelatterprovedtobetoorestrictive.)Eachoftheseapproachesisagoodsolutiontotheparticularclassofproblemthey’redesignedtosolve,butwhenyoustepoutsideofthatdomaintheybecomeawkward.Theobject-orientedapproachgoesastepfurtherbyprovidingtoolsfortheprogrammertorepresentelementsintheproblemspace.第2页共16页Thisrepresentationisgeneralenoughthattheprogrammerisnotconstrainedtoanyparticulartypeofproblem.Werefertotheelementsintheproblemspaceandtheirrepresentationsinthesolutionspaceas“objects.”(Youwillalsoneedotherobjectsthatdon’thaveproblem-spaceanalogs.)Theideaisthattheprogramisallowedtoadaptitselftothelingooftheproblembyaddingnewtypesofobjects,sowhenyoureadthecodedescribingthesolution,you’rereadingwordsthatalsoexpresstheproblem.Thisisamoreflexibleandpowerfullanguageabstractionthanwhatwe’vehadbefore.[2]Thus,OOPallowsyoutodescribetheproblemintermsoftheproblem,ratherthanintermsofthecomputerwherethesolutionwillrun.There’sstillaconnectionbacktothecomputer:eachobjectlooksquiteabitlikealittlecomputer—ithasastate,andithasoperationsthatyoucanaskittoperform.However,thisdoesn’tseemlikesuchabadanalogytoobjectsintherealworld—theyallhavecharacteristicsandbehaviors.AlanKaysummarizedfivebasiccharacteristicsofSmalltalk,thefirstsuccessfulobject-orientedlanguageandoneofthelanguagesuponwhichJavaisbased.Thesecharacteristicsrepresentapureapproachtoobject-orientedprogramming:(1)Everythingisanobject.Thinkofanobjectasafancyvariable;itstoresdata,butyoucan“makerequests”tothatobject,askingittoperformoperationsonitself.Intheory,youcantakeanyconceptualcomponentintheproblemyou’retryingtosolve(dogs,buildings,services,etc.)andrepresentitasanobjectinyourprogram.(2)Aprogramisabunchofobjectstellingeachotherwhattodobysendingmessages.Tomakearequestofanobject,you“sendamessage”tothatobject.Moreconcretely,youcanthinkofamessageasarequesttocallamethodthatbelongstoaparticularobject.(3)Eachobjecthasitsownmemorymadeupofotherobjects.Putanotherway,youcreateanewkindofobjectbymakingapackagecontainingexistingobjects.Thus,youcanbuildcomplexity第3页共16页intoaprogramwhilehidingitbehindthesimplicityofobjects.(4)Everyobjecthasatype.Usingtheparlance,eachobjectisaninstanceofaclass,inwhich“class”issynonymouswith“type.”Themostimportantdistinguishingcharacteristicofaclassis“Whatmessagescanyousendtoit?”(5)Allobjectsofaparticulartypecanreceivethesamemessages.Thisisactuallyaloadedstatement,asyouwillseelater.Becauseanobjectoftype“circle”isalsoanobjectoftype“shape,”acircleisguaranteedtoacceptshapemessages.Thismeansyoucanwritecodethattalkstoshapesandautomaticallyhandleanythingthatfitsthedescriptionofashape.ThissubstitutabilityisoneofthepowerfulconceptsinOOP.Byitself,theideaofanobjectisaconvenienttool.Itallowsyoutopackagedataandfunctionalitytogetherbyconcept,soyoucanrepresentanappropriateproblem-spaceidearatherthanbeingforcedtousetheidiomsoftheunderlyingmachine.Theseconceptsareexpressedasfundamentalunitsintheprogramminglanguagebyusingtheclasskeyword.Itseemsapity,however,togotoallthetroubletocreateaclassandthenbeforcedtocreateabrandnewonethatmighthavesimilarfunctionality.It’snicerifwecantaketheexistingclass,cloneit,andthenmakeadditionsandmodificationstotheclone.Thisiseffectivelywhatyougetwithinheritance,withtheexceptionthatiftheoriginalclass(calledthebaseclassorsuperclassorparentclass)ischanged,themodified“clone”(calledthederivedclassorinheritedclassorsubclassorchildclass)alsoreflectsthosechanges.Sinceboththebaseclassandderivedclasshavethesamefundamentalinterface,theremustbesomeimplementationtogoal