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Lesson11.What,accordingtothewriter,makesgoodconversation?whatspoilsit?Agoodconversationdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,andnoonehasanyideawhereitwillgo.Agoodconversationisnotformakingapoint.Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Whenpeoplebecomeseriousandtalkasiftheyhavesomethingveryimportanttosay,whentheyarguetoconvinceortowintheirpoint,theconversationisspoilt.2.Whydoesthewriterlike“barconversation”somuch?Thewriterlikesbarconversationverymuchbecausehehasspentalotoftimeinpubsandisusedtothiskindofconversation.Barfriendsarecompanions,notintimates.Theyarefriendsbutnotintimateenoughtobecuriousabouteachother'sprivatelifeandthoughts.3.Doesagoodconversationneedafocalsubject?No.Conversationdoesnotneedafocus.Butwhenafocalsubjectappearsinthenaturalflowofconversation,theconversationbecomesvivid,livelyandmoreinteresting.4.WhydidpeopleinthepubtalkaboutAustralia?WhydidtheconversationturntoNormanEngland?ThepeopletalkedaboutAustraliabecausethespeakerwhointroducedthesubjectmentionedincidentallythatitwasanAustralianwhohadgivenhersuchadefinitionoftheKing'sEnglish.WhenthepeopletalkedabouttheresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesforEnglishasitshouldbespoken,theconversationmovedtoNormanEnglandbecauseatthattimealanguagebarrierexistedbetweentheSaxonpeasantsandtheNormanconquerors.5.Howdoestheuseofwordsshowclassdistinction?TheSaxonpeasantsandtheirNormanconquerorsuseddifferentwordsforthesamething.Forexamplesseeparagraph9.6.Whenwas“theKing’sEnglish”regardedasaformofracialdiscriminationinEngland?TheKing’sEnglish”wasregardedasaform0fracialdiscriminationduringtheNormanruleinEnglandabout1154—1399．7.Whatistheattitudeofthewritertowards“theKing’sEnglish”?Thewriterthinks“theKing’sEnglish”isaclassrepresentationofreality．1tisworthtryingtospeak“theKing’sEnglish”，butitshouldnotbe1aiddownasanedict，andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow．TheKing’sEnglishisamodelarichandinstructiveone-butitoughtnottobeanultimatum．8.Whatdoesthewritermeanwhenhesays,“theKing’sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,isaclassrepresentationofreality?DuringtheNormanperiod，therulingclassspokeAnglo—FrenchwhilethepeasantsspoketheirnativeSaxonlanguage．Languagebearsthestampoftheclassthatusesit．TheKing’sEnglishtodayreferstothelanguageusedbytheupper，educatedclassinEngland．Lesson21Likeothergoodwriters,OrwllisgoodatshowingratherthantellingwhatdetailsorexamplesdoesthewriterusetoshowhowpoorthenativesinMarrakechwere.Beyondchoiceofwordsandimagery,OrwellsuccessfullydepictsthepovertyoftheinhabitantsofMarrakechbydescribingobjectivelythevariousaspectsoftheirlife.Hisvividobjectivedescriptionsgivethereaderaclearpictureofthepovertyofthepeople.Herearefivethingshedescribestoshowpoverty-(a)theburialofthepoorinhabitants(b)anArabNavvy,anemployeeofthemunicipality,beggingforapieceofbread(c)themiserablelivesoftheJewsintheghettoes~(d)cultivationofthepoorsoil;(e)theoldwomencarryingfirewood.2.What’sthemainideaofparagraphs1-2？HowwerepeopleburiedinMarrakech?Whatdoesthisshow?Inthesetwoparagraphs,OrwelltellsushowpeopleareburiedinMarrakech—thecrowdofmournerswailingachant,corpseswrappedinapieceofrag,carriedonaroughwoodenbier,friendshackingashallowhole,throwingthebodyinit,flingingsomedried—upearthoverit,nogravestone.Alltheseshowavividpictureofthepovertyoftheplace.3.WhatwastheJewishquarterlikeinMarrakech?HowweretheJewtreatedinthiscountry?UndertherulersoftheMoorishempire,JewsinMarrakechwereonlyallowedtoownlandincertainareas.Asaresult,thestreetsareverynarrow,housesovercrowdedandcompletelywithoutwindows.Thepeoplehavebeenmadetoliveinsuchcrowdedplacesforso1ongthattheyhavebecomeusedtothiskindofovercrowding;sincetheycanexpectnothingbetter,theynolongerbotheraboutit.TheJewswasanoppressedminorityinthiscolonialcountry.Theirfatewasevenworsethanthatofthenatives.4.WhatdoesthewriterdescribeinParagraph10?EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.5.WhatdidtheArabsandpoorerEuropeansthinkoftheJews?HowdoesthewriterrespondtotheremarksabouttheJews?TheArabsthinktheJewsonlypretendtoworkasapoorlaborer.Theyareinrealityveryrichfortheycontroleverything.ThewriterknewtheJewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocou1dnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.6.Whatkindofpeople,accordingtoOrwell,arepartlyinvisible?Whydosehestressthispoint?Thosewhoworkwiththeirhandsarepartlyinvisible.It’sonlybecauseofthisthatthestarvedcountriesofAsiaandAfricaareacceptedastouristresorts.Thepeoplearenottreatedashumanbeings,anditisonthisfactthatallcolonialempiresareinrealityfounded.Lesson31.WhydoseKennedysaythattheworldisverydifficultnow?Whatdifferencesdoeshehaveinmind?Kennedythinkstheworldisdifferentnowbecausemanhasmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnologyandhasnotonlythepower(scientificfarming,speedytransportation,massproduction,etc.)toabolishpoverty,butalsothepower(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)todestroyallformsofhumanlife．Iagreewithhim．2.Whatbeliefisstillatissuearoundtheglobeaccordingtohim?AccordingtoKennedy，thebeliefstil