attributive clause 从句的 学习

Lecture6:定语从句AttributiveClauseDefinition定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等，绝对没有what（what引导的是主语，表语和宾语从句）；关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用：①连接作用，引导定语从句。②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。who,whom,that(which)这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who做主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。(1)Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(2)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.Whose用来指人或物。只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换，指人的时候也可以用ofwhom代替。(1)Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.(2)Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)colorisgreen.关系代词as引导的定语从句1.as可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。Hemarriedher,aswasnatural.Heishonest,aswecansee.2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.限定性定语从句定义：限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。1:关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语（1）that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。Thisisthebook（which）youwant.（2）如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.（3）代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which：a)先行词是anything,everything,nothing,none等不定代词时；b)先行词由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；d)先行词中既有人又有物时；e)整个句中前面已有which，who,that时；f)当先行词为物并作表语时。2.关系副词：在句中作状语。关系副词=介词+关系代词why=forwhichwhere=in/at/on/...whichwhen=during/on/in/...WhichPleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.Thatwastheyearwhenhewasborn.Sundayisadaywhenpeopledon'thavetogotowork.Thisisthebridgewhereyoutookphotos.Sheisteachingattheuniversitywherehermotheroncestudied.注意：与状语从句的区别Johnarrivedwhen/whileIwascookinglunch.HewillgotoShanghaiwherehistwobrotherslive.Pleaseputallthesebookswheretheyusedtobe.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.主要区别在于分句在句中作什么成分。作状语，则是状语从句；作定语修饰名词，则是定语从句;引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立which引导的非限制性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.注意：由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。Itrainedhardyesterday,whichpreventedmefromgoingtothepark..定语从句练习1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Doyouknowtheman_______?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose14.I'minterestedin______youhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as16.Heisn'tsuchaman______heusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as17.HeisgoodatEnglish,______weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what18.LiMing,______totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim19.Idon'tlike______asyouread.A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what21.Theletterisfrommysister,______isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof____arewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.You'retheonlyperson______I'veevermet______coulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who24.Ilostabook,______Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.it