attributive clause(定语从句)

TheAttributiveClause限制性定语从句(DefiningAttributiveClauses)RelativePronouns:who,whom,that,whose→“people”that,which,whose→“things”as,RelativeAdverbs:when,where,why,as,that(当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词;非正式场合)非限制性定语从句（Non-definingAttributiveClauses）RelativePronouns:who,whom,whose→“people”which,whose→“things”as,RelativeAdverbs:when,where,As作关系代词引导的限制性定语从句中，只用于thesame…as;such…as；as…as的结构中，在句中充当主、宾、表语。例如：1)Heisnotthesame(man)asheusedtobe.（表）2)Thereareasmanybooksasareneeded.（主）注意：如先行词由same修饰，用that或as皆可，但有细微的差别。用that表示“同一的”，用as表示“同样的”（并不一定是同一个）。ThisisthesamepenasIlost.ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。As作关系副词在thesame…as结构中，as还可作关系副词,引导关系分句，这时as在句中起状语作用，表示地点、时间和方式。在这种结构中，as可被关系副词that取代。E.g.:JohnworksinthesamefactoryasMarydoes.Acompromisewasreachedonthesamedayasthecharterwasgranted.Wecamebackthesamewayaswehadgone.ThepeopleofthisAfricantribeworshipthemooninmuchthesamewaythatourancestorsworshippedthesun.只用that作关系代词1．当先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等不定代词时，常用that引导定语从句。E.g.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2．先行词前有only，few，any，little，no，all，every，very等词修饰时，常用that引导定语从句。E.g.ThisistheverybookthatIwanttoread.3．先行词前面有序数词（first，second等）或形容词的最高形式对其修饰时，常用that引导定语从句。E.g.ThisisthefirstletterthatI’vereceivedfromhimsinceheleft.4．在并列的先行词中既有人又有物时，不能用who或whom，也不能用which，而要用that引导定语从句。E.g.Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.5．主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时，用that引导定语从句。E.g.Whoistheladythatiswaitingattheschoolgate?6.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如：Heisnolongerthesimple-mindedmanthathewasfiveyearsago.只能用非限制性关系分句1.先行词为专有名词：theuniverse,thesun,theGreatWall,China,Tom,TsinghuaUniversity等时。如：你游览过长城吗？它每年吸引了成千上万的游客。HaveyouevervisitedtheGreatWall,whichattractsthousandsoftouristseachyear?只能用非限制性关系分句2.先行词为惟一性的普通名词或代词:father,mother,I,you等。如：ThemaninthecarisJim'sfather,whonowteachesEnglishinourschool.坐在小汽车里的人是吉姆的父亲，他现在在我校教英语。只能用非限制性关系分句3.先行词有指示代词或物主代词修饰，如：Thishouse,forwhichhepaid15,000RMB,isnowworth30,000RMB.只能用非限制性关系分句4.关系代词用于“名词（数词或代词）+of+which/whom”结构表示部分与整体的关系，SeemoreexamplesOnPage531（张道真《实用英语语法》）.如：Shehasthreechildren,twoofwhomaredoctors.只能用非限制性关系分句5.当先行词为整个句子或句子的一部分时，只能带非限制性定语从句。引导这类从句的关系代词只有as和which。其中，as引的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可置于句首、句中和句末，而which引导非限定性定语从句一般置于句末。如：只能用非限制性关系分句Asisknowntousall,theearthmovesaroundthesun.Shemustpayforwhatshehasdone,which/asisnatural.Bettysaidshesawmethere,whichwasalie.Hewalksforanhoureachmorning,whichwouldboreme.Canyouunderstandthedifferencebetweenthesetwosentences?1.Mysister,wholivesinBeijing,hasthreechildren.2.MysisterwholivesinBeijinghasthreechildren.InwhichsentenceisitclearthatIhavemorethanonesister?AdjectiveclausesWhataboutthedifferencebetweenthesetwosentences?Helookedintherefrigerator,andhethrewawaythefoodwhichwasrotten.Helookedintherefrigerator,andhethrewawaythefood,whichwasrotten.Inwhichsentenceisallofthefoodintherefrigeratorrotten?Adjectiveclausesas与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别1.______helateradmitted,itwasastupidthingtodo.A.WhichB.As2.Itwas,______helateradmitted,astupidthingtodo.A.whichB.as3.Itwasastupidthingtodo,______helateradmitted.A.whichB.asas与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别4.Hewonthegame,______wehadexpected.A.whichB.as5.Hewonthegame,______surprisedus.A.whichB.asas与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别6.Heperformedthetaskwithsuccess,_________wasexpected.A.whichB.as7.Shehasmarriedagain,_________wasunexpected.A.whichB.asas与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别8.HeadmiresMrs.Brown,_________factsurprisesme.A.whichB.asas与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别1．as引导的定语从句位置十分灵活，可放在句中，句首及句尾，而which引导的定语从句一般位于句末。E.g.:①Itwas,ashelateradmitted,astupidthingtodo.②Itwas,whichhelateradmitted,astupidthingtodo.×③Ashelateradmitted,itwasastupidthingtodo.④Whichhelateradmitted,itwasastupidthingtodo.×⑤Itwasastupidthingtodo,as/whichhelateradmitted.as与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别：2．在定语从句中as除了充当一定的句子成分外，还有“正如，由…而知”的意思，因此只用于表示肯定语义的句子，而which则可用于肯定或否定的句子。Lisahasmadesomeprogressagain,as/whichwasnatural.Lisahasmadesomeprogressagain,whichwasunexpected.as与which在引导非限制定语从句中的区别：3.如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，则as与which两者皆可。如：Hewonthegame,as/whichwehadexpected.4.如果关系代词在定语从句中作主语，一般用which。E.g.Myfathercamebacksafely,whichdelightedus.5.如果关系代词在从句中作主语，而且定语从句谓语动词是被动语态，常见的句中谓语为beknown/reported/announced/said/expected等，则as，which两者皆可，但as更常用。如：Heremarried,as/whichwasexpected.6.which在特殊定语从句中作定语。SeeP106，P531《实用英语语法》which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact,matter,thing,case等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：Iwastoldtogonotbytrainbutbus,whichadviceIfollowed.Heisstudyingeconomics,whichknowledgeisveryimportant.7.which可用在充当定语的不定式短语中，这种用法一般用于正式语体，在非正式语体中常用不带关系代词但带有句末介词的不定式。as没有这种用法。(SeePage106《实用英语语法》)Ihadnothingonwhichtofocus.(=Ihadnothingtofocuson.)Atlasttherewassomethingaboutwhichtowritehome.(Atlasttherewassomethingtowritehomeabout.)HeseemedtobelookingforwordsatthisdeskwithwhichtoconveyhismeaningaspreciselyasIhaddone.使用非限制性定语从句的要点1.在非限制性定语从句中不能用that来代指人或物，而应当用who/whom指人，用which指物。指人和指物的关系代词在定语从句作宾语时也不能省略。如：Hetakesexerciseregularly,whichhelpstokeephimfit.他有规律地从事锻炼，这有助于他保持健康。(which不能用that代替)PleasegivethenotetoMr.Li,whoisstandingunderthetree.请将这个便条交给李先生