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第三天：段落展开九法确定了段落中心思想,完成了段落的主题句,设计好段落的扩展句之后，需要考虑的是怎样合理、有效地安排句子，组成条理清晰、结构严谨的段落。展开段落的方法有很多，常用的有：时间顺序法、空间顺序法、列举法、举例法、对比法、定义法、因果法、分类法、综合法等。在今天和明天的课程中我们就来详细地学习。一、时间法在叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时，也常用时间顺序法。看下面的例子：Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患难见真情。Afterlunch,whiletheothergirlsweresunbathing,PatandIreturnedtothewater.Sooncrampsspreadfrommystomachtomylegs.Immobilizedbypainandfear,Iyelledforhelp.MyfriendthoughtIwasjoking:sosheignoredme.However,SisterTheresacametomyrescuewhenshenoticedmyplight.Shepulledmeoutofthewaterandadministeredresuscitation.Whenregainingconsciousness,IrealizedhowcloseIhadcometodeath.Myexperiencewithneardeathremindsmeeverydayhowcloseweallaretodeathinourdailylives.在这个段落里，作者用了afterlunch;while...;soon;when...等时间连接语按时间的先后顺序记叙了一件发生在午饭后的事。Therearefourseparatestagesinmakingbread.Thefirststagebeginsbymixingyeastwithwarmwater.Thismixtureisthenaddedtohalftheamountofflour.Theresultantbattermixtureisthenleftforanhour.Atthenextstagetherestoftheflourisaddedtotherisenbattermixture,alongwithsaltandoil.Themainstepinthesecondstageisathoroughkneadingofthedough,afterwhichitislefttorise.Thethirdstageinvolvesshapingthedoughintoloaves;theshapedloavesarethenputintobreadtinsandleftto‘prove’(rise).Inthefinalstagethebreadiscookedinahotoven.Thewholeprocessofbreadlefttocoolonwireracks.这个段落采用时间顺序法描述了做面包的的过程。作者用了Thefirststagebeginsby...,Atthenextstage...,Thethirdstageinvolves...和Inthefinalstage...等连贯性词语详细地按照先后顺序介绍了四个步骤。二、空间法空间顺序指按物体的空间位置（自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等顺序）来展开段落。如：Theroomwasdisgusting.Bythefarwindowwasatrashcanpiledhighwithcrumpledpapers.Inthemiddleoftheroomwasagaudy,roundsizebedlitteredwithrottingfruitpeels.Thepathbetweenthebedandthedoorway,whereIwasstanding,waschokedoffbyheapsofdirtyclothesandoldnewspapers.这个段落以空间顺序法描写了一个房间。先从描述远处的窗子开始，接着是房间中央，最后到作者所站的地方，由远到近地将房间里的一切描绘了出来。GreatBritainisanislandthatliesoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope.ThenearestcountryisFrancewhichis20milesawayfromwhichGreatBritainisseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.TheislandissurroundedbytheAtlanticOceantothewest,andtheNorthSeatotheeast.ItcomprisesthemainlandofEngland,WalesandScotland.ScotlandisintheNorth,whileWalesisinthewest.Ireland,whichisalsoanisland,liesoffthewestcoastofGreatBritain.ItconsistsofNorthernIrelandandtheIrishRepublic.GreatBritaintogetherwithNorthernIrelandconstitutestheUnitedKingdom.Thus,theUnitedKingdomiscomposedoffourparts.ThelargestoftheseisEnglandwhichisdividedinto43administrativecounties.ThecapitalcityisLondonwhichissituatedinsoutheastEngland.这个段落主要是采用由外到里的空间顺序法进行描写的。先从外围描述大不列颠的地理位置，接着从内部仔细介绍它的各个组成部分——英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的相对位置，同时描述了爱尔兰岛的相对位置，最后作者又特意指出英国首府伦敦的地理位置。三、列举法列举法是通过列举具体的细节来进一步说明主题句所表达的主导思想，展开段落。列举法如果使用得当，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含表示数量的词，如：several,many,some,four等。列举细节时，可以根据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。Striketheironwhileitishot.——趁热打铁。请看下面的例子：Socialactivitiesbenefitusinmanyways.Tobeginwith,theseactivitiescanwidenourknowledge,becausewecanlearnwhatwecan’tfromourbooks.Second,theseactivitiescanserveasabridgebetweentheoryandpractice,becausewecanlearnhowtoputourbookknowledgeintopractice.Lastly,theseactivitiescanenrichourexperience,inthatwecangettoknowthesocietywellsothatwecanadapttoiteasilywhenwegraduate.本段的第一句是段落主题句，inmanyways在这里为下面的列举作好了铺垫。作者用了tobeginwith,second和lastly作为连接语，条理清楚地列举了社会活动有益的三个方面。四、举例法举例法是一种常见的展开段落的方法，它是用典型、具体而生动的事例来证明、阐述一个观点，支持主题句，使段落主题句的抽象意思具体化，使文章通俗易懂并具有说服力。但是，在写提供实例的段落时，必须精选例子，要作到恰如其分、准确地说明问题。请看下面的例子：Manyoldbuildingsincitiesarestillbeingfounduseful.Inseveralcities,oldbuildingsthatwerenolongerbeingusedhavebeenconvertedtoavarietyofusefulstructures.Forexample,oneschoolbuildingwaschangedintoninetyninerentalunitsforelderlyandlowincomeresidents.InBaltimore,Maryland,sixschoolswereconvertedinto132unitswiththehelpofafourmilliondollarcitybondfinancingarrangement.“SchoolHouse77”inBostonutilizesthreerecycledelementaryschoolsandanabandonedinstrumentfactory.Alltheseexamplesshowhowcitiesareusingunneededschools,policestations,libraries,andboardedupfactoriesthatarestructurallysoundandevenarchitecturallyinterestingbuildings.本段的第一句是段落主题句，指出在城市里有许多旧楼还在发挥着作用。这里的“作用”是比较抽象的，不容易写得很充分。但是作者用一些实例（如将旧校舍改建成住房提供给低收入人群等）来加以说明，主题思想就较为容易和直观地表达出来了。Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel.——一个巴掌拍不响。Itisverydifficulttoevaluateanotherperson’sperformanceobjectively.Forexample,Lindarecentlywroteirresponsibleremarksaboutherinstructorbecauseshewasfailingthecourse.HerfriendJackwroteamarvelousdescriptionofthesameinstructorbecausehewasreceivinganAinthecourse.BothLindaandJackwerenotfairlyevaluatingtheinstructor.Theywereinfluencedbythegradestheywereearningandwerebiasedintheirjudgment.这个段落的第一句是主题句，说明人们很难做到客观地评价另一个人的作为。接着用Linda和Jack两个例子来支持这一观点，展开段落。例子使用贴切典型，恰如其分。五、对比法对比法是指通过叙述或描述两种或两种以上的相关事物之间的相同（相似）的地方或不同之处来表达主题。采用对比法展开段落主要通过两种途径：一是先叙述对比双方的一个方面的全部细节，然后再叙述另一个方面的全部细节；另一个途径是对逐个问题进行双方面的比较。请看下面各例：Whydosomanygraduatesgravitateintobusinessinsteadofintoteaching?Partofthereasonistheeverwideningpaygapbetweenthesetwoprofessions.Asecretary,anofficeclerkorabankemployeecanearnmonthlyincomeashighasRMB2，000,andwhenoneispromotedtothepositionofabusinessexecutiveormanag