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2019/8/20法律英语1LessonSevenCriminalLaw2019/8/202•Itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.AlfredsTennyson,Britishwriter•与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。英国作家丁尼生A2019/8/203Background•ModelPenalCode•ModelPenalCodewascreatedbyagroupoflawprofessors,judges,andlawyerstoofferacomprehensiverevisionofthecriminallaw.TheModelPenalCodeisnotlawandhasnobindingeffect.Ithas,however,beenthemodelformanystatecriminalcodesandhasbeenveryinfluentialonstateandlocallegislators.•刑法的三个主要问题•Crime—felony;misdemeanor•Punishment–guidelinesforsentencing(量刑指南)•CriminalliabilityCapitalpunishmentDEATHPENALTY2019/8/2052019/8/2062019/8/207Insanitydefense精神不正常辩护JohnHinckleyRonaldReagan2019/8/208TEXTTheCrimeofHomicide•Notallhomicidesarecriminal.•Justifiablehomicide——正当杀人•Excusablehomicide——可宽恕的杀人2019/8/209Justifiablehomicide•Self-defense•正当防卫•Policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony•警察预防暴力性重罪•Topreventadangerousfelonescaping•防止危险的重罪犯逃跑2019/8/2010Excusablehomicide•Apersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.没有严重过失2019/8/2011Criminalhomicide——有罪杀人•Akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人谋杀非恶意杀人非预谋杀人2019/8/2012TheelementsofthecrimesofmurderCourtsdecisionsLegislaturesSeparatestatuteCriminalcodeCommonlaw2019/8/2013Summaryquestions•1.Whatishomicide?Areallhomicidescriminal?Inwhatsituationarehomicidescriminal?•2.Bywhichmeanswastheelementsofcrimesstipulatedintheearlydaysofthecountry?2019/8/20141.Murder•Killingahumanbeingwith“malice”恶意、预谋杀人CaliforniaPenalCodeSECTION187-199：Murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.2019/8/2015Malice•Expressmalice——明示恶意•Impliedmalice——暗示恶意Adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature故意剥夺他人生命Noconsiderableprovocation没有出现相当程度的挑衅Anabandonedandmalignantheart冷酷邪恶的心2019/8/2016Expressmalicevs.ImpliedmaliceFirearifleatamovingpassengertrainPushanotheroffthesideofamountain2019/8/2017Penaltyformurder•Deathpenalty•死刑•Prisontermsextendingto“life”•终身监禁•Prisontoaspecialnumberofyears•一定年限的监禁2019/8/2018(a)Felony–murder重罪中的谋杀•Felony–murder：amurderthatoccurswhiletheaccusedisintheactofcommittinganotherfelony,suchasarmedrobbery.Felonymurdercarriesaheaviersentencethanplainmurder.••Killingduringthecourseofafelonysuchasrobbery.•在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人•Gungoesoffaccidentallykillingtherobberyvictim,orabystander,orapoliceofficer.•手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警察•Adangerouscrimeasrobberysatisfiestherequirementofmalice•抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件2019/8/2020Co-felonsguiltyofmurder重罪共犯谋杀•Inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.•在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。2019/8/2021Malice•Malicemayalsobeattributedtoarobberwhosepartnerinthecrimeintentionallykillssomeoneduringthecommissionofthecrimeortheattemptedescape.•在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，抢劫者的同伙故意杀死人，那么抢劫者也属于有恶意。2019/8/2022每个参与者都有恶意ThedangerousnessoftherobberyitselfActasanagentfortheothersinaccomplishingtheirobjective2019/8/2023Deathpenalty死刑•在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。2019/8/2024(b)Degreesofmurder恶意杀人罪的等级•VaryingpenaltiesformurderpunishablebydeathorlongimprisonmentFirstdegreemurderSeconddegreemurderpunishablewithalesserpenalty2019/8/2025Firstdegreemurder•A“willful,deliberateandpremeditated”killing,suchasapoisoningorakillingduringthecommissionofadangerousfelony•有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。2019/8/2026CommonlawMurder恶意杀人Manslaughter非恶意杀人2019/8/2027Summaryquestions•1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmurderandmanslaughter?•2.whatisfelony-murder?•3.Accordingtothecommonlaw,howmanydegreesofmurderwerethere?2019/8/20282.Manslaughter•Unlawfulkillingofanotherwithoutmalice.–无恶意的非法杀人voluntaryinvoluntaryPrisonterm:1-14years2019/8/2029(a)Voluntarymanslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人•Anintentionalkillingupon“greatprovocation”andintheheatof“passion”巨大挑衅激情之下故意杀人2019/8/2030Voluntarymanslaughter•thepersonkilledanotherperson;•thepersonactedintheheatofpassion;•andheatofpassionwascausedbyadequateprovocation.•Heatofpassionmaybeprovokedbyfear,rage,angerorterror.•Provocation,inordertobeadequate,mustbesuchasmightnaturallycauseareasonablepersoninthepassionofthemomenttoloseself-controlandactonimpulseandwithoutreflection.••Akillingofparamourorofthespouse,orbothmanslaughterTheprovocationwasgreatInthe“heatofpassion”2019/8/2033Betreatedlessharshlythanmurder•Frailtiesofthehumannature–人类的脆弱性•Instinctivereaction–本能的反应•Bediscouragedbycriminalsanction–通过刑事处分加以阻拦2019/8/2034•Insuchparamourkillingcasestheconvictionrateisquitelow.•在杀死奸夫（妇）的案例中，定罪率很低•Concoctedexplanationofself-defense•编造的有关自卫的解释•Acquittalbyreasonof“theunwrittenlaw”•根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决2019/8/2035•Inapplyingtestwhetheranintentionalkillingwasupongreatprovocationandintheheatofpassion,thequestionisputtothejury,ortothejudgeinnon-jurycases,astowhethertheaccusedreactedasa“reasonableman”.•对故意杀人是否由于受到极