立法文件(legislativedocumentation);司法文件(judicialdocumentation);律师文书(documentspreparedbylawyers);法律、法规、条例、规章;判决、裁定;合同、协议、律师意见、案例等等。“庄重的”(solemn);“刻板的”(rigid);词汇特点;句子特点;1.经常使用的普通词并无普通词的意义;Ex1.Hewasawarded$500damagesfortheinjuryhesufferedintheaccident.解释:Ex1.Hewasawarded(判给)$500damages(损害赔偿)fortheinjuryhesufferedintheaccident.Ex.2.1)Thetestatordiedwithoutissue(子女).2)Partiesmustwaitforprocess(传票)toissuefromthecourt.词汇普通含义法律含义action行动诉讼offer提供要约consideration考虑对价hand手签名instrument仪器法律文件2.频繁使用当代普通英语极少使用的古旧词汇;Ex.1ProvidedfurtherthatthisPolicyshallbesubjecttotheConditionshereincontainedandtoanyMemorandaendorsedhereonandsuchConditionsandMemorandaaretobetakenaspartofthePolicy,theobservanceandperformancebytheInsuredofthetimesandtermsthereincontainedsofarastheyrelatetoanythingtobedonebytheInsuredareoftheessenceofthiscontractandshallbeconditionsprecedenttoanyliabilityonthepartoftheInsuredunderthisPolicy.(薛华业,1989:98)2.频繁使用当代普通英语极少使用的古旧词汇;(译文)只要本保单符合本合同所设定的条件和备忘录的内容,且该条件和备忘录作为保单的一部分,而被保险人的所作所为遵守本保单约定的时间和条款,这一点是本合同的实质所在,同时也是被保险人承担本保单责任的先决条件。herewords:hereafter,hereby,herein,hereinafter,hereinbefore,hereunder;therewords:thereabout,thereafter,thereby,thereupon,therewith;wherewords:whereas,whereat,whereby,whereof;witnesseth;witness(inwitnesswhereof);aforesaid;forthwith;saidcontract;thence;thenceforth.3.频繁使用拉丁词:affidavit宣誓陈述书;alibi不在犯罪现场;bonafide善意的;inrem对物(诉讼);interalia除了别的以外;quorum法定人数。4.大量使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词Estoppel不得悔言;Feesimple无条件继承的不动产;Esquire律师;Voiredire(考察证人或陪审员是否适合的)预先审核;5.大量使用专业术语burdenofproof举证责任;causeofaction案由;contributorynegligence混合疏忽;defendant被告;duediligence审慎调查;letterspatent专利证书。5.大量使用专业术语tort侵权;withoutprejudice不损害;causeofaction诉讼理由;piercethecorporateveil揭穿公司面纱;willandtestament遗嘱;6.经常使用正式程度较高的词汇普通用法法律英语含义beforepriorto以前aftersubsequent以后butprovidedthat但是explainconstrue解释7.试图以最精确的词语和形式表达法律概念shallnotconstituteawaiver;shallnotbedeemedaconsent;includingbutnotlimitedto…nothingcontainedhereinshall…8.大量使用累赘词以表达单一的法律概念assignortransfer转让Remise,release,andforeverdischarge让渡;放弃acknowledgeandconfess承认termsandconditions条款nullandvoid无效;失效1.结构复杂的长句If,afterthesigningofthisAgreement,theChinesegovernmenteitherattheState,provincial,municipalorlocalleveladoptsanynewlaw,regulation,decreeorrule,amendsorrepealsanyprovisionofanylaw,regulation,decreeorrule,oradoptsanydifferentinterpretationormethodorimplementationofanylaw,regulation,decreeorrule,whichcontravenesthisAgreementorwhichmateriallyandadverselyaffectsaParty’seconomicbenefitunderthisAgreement,thenuponwrittennoticethereoffromtheaffectedpartytotheotherParty,thePartiesshallpromptlyconsultanddecidewhether(i)tocontinuetoimplementthisAgreementinaccordancewiththeoriginalprovisionsthereofaspertherelevantprovisionsoftheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina;or(ii)toeffectuatenecessaryadjustmentsinordertopreserveeachParty’seconomicbenefitunderthisAgreementonabasisnolessfavorablethantheeconomicbenefititwouldhavereceivedifsuchlaw,regulation,decreeorrulehadnotbeenadopted,amended,repealedorsointerpretedorimplemented.若本协议签署之后,中国国家、省、市或地方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例,修改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款,或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给予不同的解释或采取不同的实施方法,导致与本协议相冲突,或对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利影响,受到影响的一方经书面通知另一方后,对方应立即协商并决定是否(i)根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的有关规定继续按照本协议的原条款履行本协议,或(ii)做出必要的调整,以保持各方在本协议下的经济利益,使之不逊于各方在该等法律、法规、法令或条例未通过、未修改、未废除、未做出不同的解释或未采取不同的实施方法之前所能获得的经济利益。2.被动语态和名词化结构Unlessotherwiseprovidedforherein,failureordelayonthepartofanypartytoexerciseanyright,powerorprivilegeunderthisAgreementshallnotoperateasawaiverthereof,norshallanysingleorpartialexerciseofanyright,powerorprivilegeprecludefurtherexercisethereoforexerciseofanyotherright,powerorprivilege.AwaiverbyoneofthepartiesatanytimeofabreachofanytermorprovisionofthisAgreementcommittedbytheotherpartyshallnotbeconstruedasawaiverbysuchpartyofanysubsequentbreachtobecommittedbytheotherparty,norshallitbeconstruedasawaiverbysuchpartyofitsrightsundersuchprovisionoranyofitsotherrightsunderthisAgreement.除非本协议另有约定,任何一方未能或延迟行使其在本协议项下的任何权利、权力或特权,不应视为其放弃该项权利、权力或特权;单独或部分行使任何权利、权力或特权,亦不妨碍其进一步行使该权利、权力或特权或行使其他权利、权力或特权。一方在任何时候放弃追究另一方违反本协议任何条款或约定的行为,不应视为该方放弃追究另一方以后的违约行为,亦不应被视为该方放弃其在该约定下的权利或其在本协议项下的其他权利。各种翻译方法举例:原文:MrDewarslippedandfelloutsidehisofficialEdinburghresidenceonTuesdaymorning.Hepickedhimselfupandwentontocarryouttwolunchtimeengagements.(BBCnews11/10/2000)译文:逐字对译:杜瓦先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期二早晨。他拣自己起来和继续去实行两个午餐约定。字面翻译:星期二早晨杜瓦先生滑倒在他的爱丁堡官邸外面。他爬起来继续去参加两个午餐约会。语意翻译:星期二早晨,杜瓦先生在爱丁堡官邸外滑倒了,但他仍爬起来继续去参加两个午餐约会。传译翻译:杜瓦先生的官邸在爱丁堡。星期二早晨,他不小心在屋外摔了一跤。不过他仍奋力爬起,去参加了两个午餐活动。编译:杜瓦先生在爱丁堡有一座官邸。星期二早晨,他刚出门就摔了一跤。不过,他觉得没事,就爬起来继续参加当天的活动,午餐时还与两个团体进行了正式会谈。改写:爱丁堡的早晨空气新鲜。杜瓦先生喜欢晨练。那天一大早,他穿着运动装出门,正要开始晨练,不小心踩到一块香蕉皮上,跌倒在地。他奋力爬起,打消跑步的念头,出门上班,午餐时还坚持参加了两个见面会。1.准确性及精确性“立法的确不是一件简单的事,法律条文的每一词、每一字,甚至每一个标点符号均须反复推敲,稍一不慎,即可产生失误,造成严重后果,……”1.TypographicalErrors错别字“Wewillprepareadaftagreementatourstandardfreerates.”“Wewillprepareadraftagreementatourstandardfeerates.”2.IncorrectPunctuation标点符号错误“PartyAwillperformtheServicesattheInstallationSitesatitssolediscretion.PartyBmaychangeanyInstallationSitebygivingwrittennoticetoP