1四.法律英语的语法及其翻译:转换conversion21.英语主语的转换I.英语主语转换为汉语谓语1.1.Complaintswerefrequent,especiallyfromthosewhohadsevenminuteswatchingpassengerswithjusthandbaggagegetoutimmediately.2.不断有人抱怨。有些乘客在7分钟的等待中,眼看着只携带手提行李的乘客马上出机场,这些人抱怨得尤甚。浙江大学P.50unit231.2.Hiswearinessandincreasingheatdeterminedhimtositdowninthefirstconvenientshade.2.他疲惫不堪,加上天气越来越热,于是他下决心一有合适的阴凉处就坐下来休息。3.3.Father'sgoodhealthandbouncingenergyissourceofmyhappiness.4.父亲身体健康,精力充沛,我感到非常高兴。41.4.Theirlopsidedstressonheavyindustrytotheneglectofagricultureandlightindustryresultsinashortageofgoodsinthemarket.2.他们片面地注重重工业,忽视农业和轻工业,因而市场上货物不多。3.5.Theremovalofshamefromsingleparenthoodisseenascontributingtotheerosionoffamilyvalues.4.未婚而成为父母的单亲家长不再受人耻笑,人们认为这削弱了家庭价值观。51.6.Thedelightofthechildrenatthesightofthedishshowedthatitwasararity.2.孩子们看到这个菜就眉开眼笑,可知他们是难得吃这种菜的。3.7.Thepublic’sobsessionwithcelebritiesispushinghardnewsoffthefrontpages.4.公众过分关注名人,把硬新闻挤出了报纸头版。61.8.Deliverymustbeeffectedwithinthetimestatedonthepurchaseorder,otherwisetheBuyermayatitsoptioncanceltheorderwithoutcosttohim,andchargetheSellerforanylossincurredasaresultofthelatter’sfailuretomakesuchdelivery.2.卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货,否则,买方可取消订货,而不承担任何损失,并要求卖方赔偿因不交货所造成的一切损失。71.9.PaymentshallbemadebynetcashagainstsightdraftwithBillofLadingattachedshowingtheshipmentofthegoods.SuchpaymentshallbemadethroughtheBankofChina,YantaiBranch.ThebillofLadingshallnotbedeliveredtotheBuyeruntilsuchdraftispaid.2.凭即期汇票和所附表明货物发运的提单通过中国银行烟台分行以现金支付。汇票未付之前,提单不交给买方。81.Sightbill即期票据2.Sightclause即期条款3.Sightdeposits活期存款,即付存款4.Sightexchange即期汇兑5.Sightpayment见票就付6.Sightrate即期汇率,即期利率7.Sighttest当场检查91.10.Partialshipmentsshallbepermitteduponpresentationofacleansetofshippingdocument.2.可以允许分批发货,但需提出一套明确的装运单据。10英语的主语转换为汉语的谓语往往是动作性的名词主语,且采用被动语态。译成汉语时,需要将英语的被动语态调整为汉语的主动语态,进行转换翻译。1112II.英语的主语转换为汉语的宾语。1.1.HopepersistedinMarshallbecausetheonlyalternativewasamilitarysolution.2.马歇尔舍不得抛弃希望,因为另外一条唯一的出路就是军事解决。3.2.IlearnedEnglishwhenIwasatcollege,butinlateryearsittotallyescapedmymemory.4.我是在大学里学的英语。但没几年,我就彻底忘记了。131.3.Astonishment,apprehension,andevenhorroroppressedher.2.她感到震惊,心情抑郁,甚至惊恐不安。3.4.Powerandplaceneverwenttohishead.4.他从来没有想谋取权利和地位。141.5.ShouldallorpartoftheContractanditsappendicesbeunabletobefulfilledowingtothefaultofoneparty,thebreachingpartyshallbeartheresponsibilitiesthuscaused.2.由于一方过失,致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合同及其附件时,由过失方承担违约责任。151.6.IfanytermsandconditionofthisContractarebreachedandthebreachisnotcorrectedbythebreachingpartywithin30daysafterawrittennoticethereofisgivenbytheotherparty,thenthenonbreachingpartyshallhavetheoptiontoterminatethisContractbygivingwrittennoticethereoftothebreachingparty.2.如果一方违反本合同的任何条款,并且在接到另一方的书面通知30日内不予以补救,未违约方有权选择向违约方书面通知终止本合同。16补充:Exportersorforeignproducersreceivingquestionnairesusedinananti-dumpinginvestigationshallbegivenatleast30daysforreply.Dueconsiderationshouldbegiventoanyrequestforanextensionofthe30-dayperiodand,uponcauseshown,suchanextensionshouldbegrantedwheneverpracticable.1.应给予出口商或外国生产商至少30天时间,答复收到的反倾销调查中使用的调查表。对提出的延长30天期限的要求应给予充分的考虑;只要理由正当,并切实可行,就应当满足该延期要求。17法律英语主语往往为普通名词,不像普通英语那样充满感情色彩,且常为被动语态,需将英语的被动语态转换为汉语的主动语态。1819III.英语的主语转换为汉语的定语如果主语和宾语之间的关系密切,或宾语本身就是主语的一部分,翻译成汉语时,为使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,往往把原文的主语转换成定语。201.1.EachPartyisliabletotheJointVentureCompanyonlyuptothelimitofthecapitalsubscribedbyit.2.各方对合营公司的责任以各自认缴的出资额为限。211.2.TheGuaranteePeriodshallstartfromtheexactdateonwhichthePurchaserreceivesnotificationinwritingfromtheVendorthatPlantisreadyfordispatchfromtheWorks.2.担保期限的具体日期自买方收到卖方发出的、并告知已随时可从工厂发运的书面通知起开始计算。221.Dispatch派遣,调遣,发送(货物),(海商法)(卸货时所要求的)速遣,迅速处理,(利索地)杀死2.Dispatchstation调度时间3.Dispatchtime调度站4.Dispatchdepartmentexpense调度部门费用23Exercise1-5:1.1.走过草地几步,我们来到一家华丽的大旅馆。2.Afewstepsacrossthelawnbroughtmetoalarge,splendidhotel.241.2.必须特别强调我国某些高级官员贪污腐败的严重性。2.1)Wemustputgreatemphasisontheseriousnessofcorruptionandembezzlementamongsomehigh-rankingofficialsinChina.3.2)SpecialemphasismustbeplacedonthegravityofcorruptionandgraftamongsomehighofficialsinChina.251.3.我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。2.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.3.4.得知我通过了入学考试,别提有多高兴了。4.MydelightknewnoboundswhenIlearnedthatIhadpasstheentranceexamination.261.5.知彼知己,百战不殆。2.1)Knowledgeoftheenemyandoneselfenablesonetofightahundredbattleswithoutdefeat.3.2)Ifyouknowtheenemyandyourself,youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeat.271.动词名词化组合方式众多,容量大,表达见解客观。这种现象在WTO文本中表现非常突出。为了使国际法规具有威严性,同时又避免出现真正意义上的执行者,动词名词化就让原来的施动意义隐含在结构深层里面,其表达语气也从“动”到“静”,更符合文本目的,也更容易为译入语读者所理解与服从。282.英语定语的转换2.1英语的定语转换为汉语的谓语一般来说,英语是静态的,汉语是动态的,当英语的形容词作定语修饰名词时,通常把英语定语转换为汉语的谓语,使之和被修饰的名词一起构成汉语的主谓词组或小句,这样汉语译文更加地道流畅。291.1.Beforegoingupintothebluehills,TomasGomezstoppedforgasolineatthelonelystation.2.群山苍翠。加油站孤零零的。进山之前,汤姆斯·戈麦兹在这儿停车加油。301.2.Betterroadsandbettervehiclesinducedthewealthierclassestoliveinthesuburbsofthecities.Thistendencyisnowspreadingrapidlydownwards,concentratingmanufacturingactivities,business,government,andpleasureinthecentersofthecities,butpushingthehomesoutwardevenatthecostofthediscomfortofcommuting.2.道路更加平坦畅通,交通工具更加高速舒适,使得富裕阶层开始居住市郊。这一趋势目前正发展到下层社会,生产活动、商业贸易、政府机关和娱乐设施都集中在市中心,许多家庭不惜忍受上下班的车旅劳顿之苦,居住到郊外。311.3.Thetechnologi