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第一章 法律語言 法律語言thelanguageofthelaw 第一節 法律語言之涵義DavidMellinkoffDavidMellinkoffMellinkoffthelanguageofthelawMellinkoffDavidMellinkoffTheLanguageoftheLaw1963Mellinkkoff第一章英語法律MellinkoffMellinkoffthelanguageofthelawlegalparlancelegalEnglishlegallanguagelegallawfullegalisticjargonlegaleseargotofthelawlegaljargonlegallingoMellinkofflanguageofjurisprudenceMellinkoffthelanguageofthelawlegaleseformbooks第一章 法律語言3 第二節 法律語言的主要特徵1.經常使用常用詞彙的不常用涵義；2.經常使用曾經常用但現在已很少使用的古代英語和中世紀英語的詞彙；3.經常使用拉丁語單詞和短語；4.使用一般詞彙表中不會有的古法語及法律法語中的詞彙；5.專門術語的使用；6.「行話」的使用；7.經常使用官方文章用語；8.刻意使用具有可變通涵義的詞彙和短語；9.力求表述準確；10.冗長性、保守性和精確性。一、經常使用常用詞彙的不常用涵義4常用詞彙不常用涵義1.actionalawsuit(eithercivilorcriminal)2.alientotransferpropertytoanother3.assignspersontowhomarightorpropertyisassigned4.avoidtomakevoid5.billadraftlaw6.briefawrittenstatementsubmittedtoacourt4DavidMellinkoffTheLanguageoftheLaw196312JackG.Handler,Ballentine’sLawDictionary59,passim(1994)英語法律常用詞彙不常用涵義7.chargeaformofsecurity8.cleanhandswithoutdishonestmotives(asin,“tohavecleanhands”)9.colorapparentlegalright(asin,“undercoloroflaw”)10.considerationthemaincauseforacontract11.counterpartaduplicateofadocument12.covenanttomakeabindingpromise13.covertopurchasegoodstoreplacethosenotdeliveredbecauseofabreachofcontract14.damagesthecompensationsoughtforaloss15.demisetolease16.deposetostateunderoath17.demurnottoagree18.discoverydisclosureofinformationbytheopposingpartyinalawsuit19.distresstheseizureofgoodsassecurityforanobligation20.draftanorderforpaymentofmoney21.drawtosignadraft22.endorsementthesigningofone'snameonthebackofadocument23.equitablerelatingtoequityasopposedtolaw24.findingdetermination25.garnishtoobtainsatisfactionofadebtfromathirdpartyratherthanfromthedebtordirectly26.handsignature(asin,“bythishand”)27.honortopayoraccept28.instrumentaformallegaldocument29.interestarightorclaimtoproperty30.issuelivingdescendants31.majoritylegalage(asin,“toreachmajority”)32.masteranemployer33.motionaformalrequesttoacourttoseekanorderorrule第一章 法律語言常用詞彙不常用涵義34.noteawrittenpromisetopayadebt35.ofcourseasamatterofright(asin,“asamatterofcourse”)36.paperaninstrumentevidencingafinancialobligation37.partyapersonengagedinatransaction;alitigantinalawsuit38.pleadtofilepleadings39.prayrequestforreliefaddressedtoacourt40.prejudiceadetrimenttolegalrights(asin,“withoutprejudice”)41.prescriptiontheacquisitionofarightoveralongperiod42.presentsthisformallegaldocument(asin,“bythesepresents”)43.provideduponcondition(wordusedtocreateaproviso)44.purchasetoacquiretitletolandbymeansotherthandescent45.removetotransfertoanothercourt46.saidmentionedabove47.savetoexcept48.securitycollateral49.servetodeliverlegalpapers50.showtomakeclearbyevidence51.specialtyacontractunderseal52.tenderanofferofmoney53.tenementestateinland54.uttertoputsomethingcounterfeitintocirculation55.virtueauthorityorreason(asin,“byvirtueof”)56.waivetorelinquishactiondemisedemisedpremiseinstrumentpresent英語法律6presentknowallmenbythesepresentsbythesepresentsprovidedprovided,however,that...withoutprejudice二、經常使用曾經常用，但現在已很少使用的古代英語和中世紀英語的詞彙11001100150051.Aforementioned2.Aforesaid3.Alack4.Anent5.Anon6.Behoove7.Belike8.Divers9.Fain10.Foregoing11.Haply12.Henceforth13.Hereafter14.Herebefore15.Hereby16.Herein17.Hereinabove18.Hereinafter19.Hereinunder20.Hereof5DavidMellinkoff1982187-188BryanA.Garner,ADictionaryofModernLegalUsage74(2ded.1995);LaurelCurrieOates.AnneEnquist&KellyKunsch,TheLegalWritingHandbook671-672(1993).第一章 法律語言721.Heretofore22.Hereunder23.Herewith24.Howbeit25.Let(inthesenseof“obstacle”)26.Maugre27.Moreover28.Nay29.Nowise30.Pursuantto31.Said(usedasanadjective)32.Saith33.Same(usedasanoun)34.Thence35.Thereafter36.Therefore37.Therein38.Thereof39.Thereto40.Thereunto41.Towit42.Verily43.Whence44.Whensoever45.Whereas46.Whereby47.Wherefore48.Whereof49.Wheresoever50.Whilom51.Whilst52.Withal53.Witness54.Witnesseth55.Wrothhereafterherebyhereinhereinabovehereinafterhereof三、經常使用拉丁語單詞和短語英語法律拉丁詞彙英文涵義1.abinitiofromthebeginning2.adhocforthispurpose3.adlitemforthelawsuit4.alibielsewhere(adefensethattheaccusedwaselsewherewhentheoffensewascommitted)5.amicuscuriaefriendofthecourt6.arguendoforpurposeofargument7.bonafidegoodfaith8.caveatemptorletthebuyerbeware9.casusbellianactjustifyingwar10.caveatawarning11.contraproferentemagainsttheonewhooffers12.damnunabsqueinjuriaalosswithoutawrong13.deminimisnoncuratlexthelawdoesnotconcernitselfwithinsignificantmatters14.denovoanew15.ejusdemgenerisofthesameclass16.exabundanticautelafromanexcessofcaution17.etalandothers18.expartefromoneside19.expressiouniusestexclusioalteriustheexpressmentionofoneistheexclusionofanother20.expostfactoafterthefact21.flagrantedelictointhecommissionoftheoffense22.forumnonconveniensinconvenientforumDavidMellinkoff1982193-194Osborn’sConciseLawDictionary13,passim(LeslieRutherford&SheilaBoneeds,8thed.1993).第一章 法律語言拉丁詞彙英文涵義23.generaliaspecialibusnonderogantgeneralwordsdonotderogatefromspecialwords24.habeascorpusyouhavethebody25.inhaecverbainthesewords26.inparimateriainequivalentmaterial27.inpropriapersonainhisownproperperso