TianjinUniversityMembraneStructureChapter6第六章MembraneStructure膜结构TianjinUniversity6.1DevelopmentandCharacteristics膜结构的发展与特点Whatismembranestructure?膜结构是指采用多种高强薄膜材料及辅助结构通过一定方式使其内部产生一定的预张力,并形成预应力控制下的某种空间形态,具有足够刚度以抵抗外部荷载作用的一种空间形式。包括了充气膜结构、张拉膜结构和索膜结构。Accordingtomechanicalcharacteristics:InflatableMembraneStructure充气式膜结构TensileMembraneStructure张拉式膜结构SkeletonTypeMembraneStructure骨架式膜结构Membranestructureisanewkindofspatialstructure,inwhichmanykindsofhigh-strengthmembranematerialsaswellasassistantstructuresareusedtoproducesomeprestress,andcertainspatialshapesareformedunderthecontroloftheprestressthathavesufficientstiffnesstocarrytheexternalloads.MembraneStructureTianjinUniversityAir-supportedMembraneStructure气承式膜结构InflatableMembraneStructure充气式膜结构Air-inflatedMembraneStructure气胀式膜结构气胀式膜结构是指如同气球一般,将膜材包裹成封闭构件,向膜构件内部充气,使膜材产生张力,从而具有一定刚度,将多个膜构件组合形成整体受力体系。气承式膜结构是指通过气压控制系统向建筑物室内充气,保持室内外一定的气压差,从而使膜材产生预张力,以保证结构刚度。Theair-supportedmembranestructureusespressurecontrolsystemtoinflatethebuildingstokeepacertaindegreeofdraughtheadinsideaswellasoutsideofthestructure,andthenprestressesappearinthemembranematerialswhichensurethestiffnessofthestructure.Theair-inflatedmembranestructureisjustlikeaballoonformedbywrappingthemembranematerialsintoaclosedcomponent,inflatingthecomponenttomakethemembranematerialsprestressedaswellashaveenoughstiffnessandfinallycombingthemembranemembers.MembraneStructureTianjinUniversityDevelopmentofInflatableMembraneStructure充气式膜结构的发展WillianLancheste,British,putforwardthefirstinflatabletentin1971.早在1917年,英国人W•兰彻斯特(WillianLanchester)首次提出了气承式帐篷。AfterWorldWar2,theUnitedStatesbegantousethemembranestructureasthemilitaryfacilitiesconstruction.第二次世界大战后,美国实现了以膜结构作为军用设施的建造形式。WalterBird,American,builtthefirstmoderninflatablemembranestructure,DopplerRadarDome,in1946.1946年,美国人W•勃德(WalterBird)建成了第一个现代充气膜结构,多普勒雷达穹顶。雷达防护罩DopplerRadarDomeMembraneStructureTianjinUniversityIn1967,thefirstinternationalinflatablestructureconferencewasheldintheGermanStuttgart,whichpromotedthedevelopmentoftheinflatablestructure.1967年,第一届国际充气结构会议在德国斯图加特召开,促进了充气结构的发展。In1970,theWorldExpoinOsaka,Japan,DavidGeigerdesignedtheUnitedStatesPavilion.1970年,日本大阪世博会上,由D•盖格设计的美国馆。FujiMuseumwasdesignedbyMamoruKawaguchiasasausageinflatablemembranestructure.世博会上,川口卫设计的香肠气胀式膜结构日本富士馆同样引人注目。DevelopmentofInflatableMembraneStructure充气式膜结构的发展日本大阪博览会富士馆FujiMuseum日本大阪博览会美国馆TheUnitedStatesPavilionMembraneStructureTianjinUniversityMichigan,thePontiac“SilverDomein1975.1975年建成的密歇根州庞蒂亚克“银色穹顶”,平面为220m×168m椭圆形。ActiveCenterofUniversityofCalifornia,USA,in1976.1976年建成的美国加利福尼亚州圣克拉勒大学活动中心,平面为90.5m×59.4m椭圆形。密歇根州庞蒂亚克银色穹顶ThePontiac“SilverDome加利福尼亚州圣克拉勒大学活动中心ActiveCenterofUniversityofCalifornia,USADevelopmentofInflatableMembraneStructure充气式膜结构的发展MembraneStructureTianjinUniversityFangshanBeijingswimmingpoolandAnshanNongweinatatoriumwerefirstapplicationsofmembranestructureinChina.1995年建成的北京房山游泳馆和鞍山农委游泳馆是我国第一次正式应用于工程的气承式膜结构,标志着我国内地膜结构工程发展的兴起。DevelopmentofInflatableMembraneStructure充气式膜结构的发展IndoorgolftrainingfieldinBeijingTongzhoustarlake.北京通州星湖园法利室内高尔夫练习场BroadwelltennishallinBeijingChaoyangPark.北京朝阳公园的博德维网球馆MembraneStructureTianjinUniversityTensileMembraneStructure张拉式膜结构SkeletonTypeMembraneStructure骨架式膜结构Theskeletontypemembranestructureisformedbycoveringthesteeltrusssystemorgridstructurewithmembranematerials.Similartothecommonstructures,themembranematerialsareusedastheretainingstructureswhiletheskeletonistheload-bearingsystemintheskeletontypemembranestructure.Thiskindofstructurehasbeenwidelyrecognizedandappliedtothelong-spanstadium,exhibitioncenterandsoon.Themembranematerialonlyplaysaroleasenvelopeandtheframecanformanindependentforcesystem.Theskeletontypemembranestructureiswidelyusedinthestadium,exhibitioncenter,transportationhubetc.骨架式膜结构是在一般的钢桁架体系或网架结构等骨架上覆盖膜材,与常规结构相似,膜材仅仅起到围护结构的作用,骨架可独立形成受力体系,易于被工程界理解和接受,并广泛使用于大型体育场馆、展览中心、交通枢纽等。Tensilemembranestructureoriginatesfromcablenetstructureandisformedbyprestressingthestructureincertainwaystomakeithavecertainshapesaswellasstiffness.Inthetensilemembranestructure,theroofanditssupportingstructureconstitutetheload-bearingsystem.张拉膜结构由索网结构发展而来,通过一定的方式给膜体施加一定的预张力,使其具有一定的形状和刚度,膜结构的曲面单元与其支承体共同构成了一个完整的结构受力体系。MembraneStructureTianjinUniversityDevelopmentofTensileMembraneStructure张拉式膜结构的发展ThetentbuiltinKasselGardeningExhibitionDesignbytheGermanscholarFreiOttoin1955istheearliestmodernmembranestructureintheword.德国学者F•奥托在Kassel园艺展设计建成的帐篷成为最早的现代张拉膜结构。TheGermanPavilionattheMontrealInternationalFairwasdesignedbyGermanscholarFreiOttoin1967,whichisconsideredtobethefirstrealsenseoftensilemembranestructure.德国学者F•奥托在加拿大蒙特利尔国际博览会上设计的德国馆,被认为是第一座真正意义上的张拉式膜结构建筑。加拿大蒙特利尔国际博览会德国馆TheGermanPavilionattheMontrealInternationalFairMembraneStructureTianjinUniversityThedevelopmentofPTFEhasgreatlypromotedtheapplicationoftensionmembranestructure.Forexample,theUnitedStatesofCaliforniaLaVineCollegeStudentActivityCenteristhefirstmembranestructurewithPTFEbuiltin1973.1973年建成的美国加利福尼亚拉维恩学院学生活动中心是用PTFE膜材建造的第一个膜结构。JeddahInternationalAirportbuiltin1981iscurrentlythelargesttensil