A LEVEL chemistry 复习概要

ReviewofA-levelChemistryContentDavidReadJune2007SchoolofChemistryUniversityofSouthamptonIncludes:AQA,Edexcel,EdexcelNuffield,OCRandOCRSaltersCurrentspecificationsonlyComparisonswiththenew(2008-)specificationswillfollow.Thiseditionwascreatedon15/06/07withcorrections2AimTheaimofthisreviewisprimarilytoshowuniversityacademicstaffwhatistaughtatA-level.Itwillalsoformausefulstartingpointforascertainingtheimpactofthenew(2008)specificationsonthematerialthatwillbetaughttofutureA-levelstudents.Itshouldbepointedoutthatthereviewisbasedonexamboardspecifications.Itshouldberecognisedthatalthoughtheexamboardmaynotrequireaparticularitemtobetaught,itisquitepossiblethatithasbeencoveredbyteachers.Chemistryteachersdoabrilliantjobofmotivatingandenthusingstudents,andtherecentincreasesinuptakeatA-levelandinuniversityapplicationsareinnosmallpartattributabletotheenthusiasmandhard-workofclassroompractitioners.Thedepthofcoverageindifferentschoolswillbevariableforanumberofreasons(IspeakfrommyownexperienceasanA-levelteacherinacomprehensiveschoolwith20+studentsdoingchemistry),andacademicstaffshouldbeawareofthefollowingpoints:a)Unfortunately,teachers’performanceisjudgedonexamresults,anditissometimesintheirintereststospendtimepreparingstudentstodowellinexams.Furthermore,manystudentsexpectadegreeofexamcoachingintheirlessonswhichputsmorepressureonteachingtime,andreducesscopeforextendingteachingbeyondthesyllabus.b)AmajorityofA-levelchemistswillnotbedoingchemistrydegrees,sopreparingstudentsforachemistrydegreeisnotapriorityformostchemistryteachers.c)Facilitiesforpracticalwork(fumecupboards,equipment)aresomewhatvariableandsomestudentswillhaveverylimitedpracticalexperience.d)Insomecases,non-specialistteacherswillbeinvolvedinA-levelteachingbecauseofashortageofchemistryteachers.Weneedtobesuretosupportthesebravepeople(Iwouldn’tbeabletoteachA-levelphysicsorbiology!)bysharinggoodpractice.e)Inmanycases,teachersarefacedwithverymixedability(andsometimesquitelarge)classes,whichinevitablymeansthatmoredifficulttopicsarehardertodeliver.Asisseenatuniversitylevel,studentsdohaveshortmemoriessometimes,andtheymaywellneedtoberemindedaboutwhattheyweretaughtatA-level!ThisisperhapsanunfortunateconsequenceofthemodularisationoftheA-levelcoursewhichallowsstudentstocompartmentalisetheirknowledge,whichcanleadtoits‘disposal’aftertheexam.Itshouldnotthereforebeexpectedthatfirstyearundergradswillhaveathoroughworkingknowledgeofthematerialthattheyweretaughtasshowninthisdocument!3UsingthisdocumentIhaveputtogetherthisreviewofA-levelchemistrycontentbyreferringprimarilytotheexamboardspecificationsthemselves.Tomakeitaccessibleforacademics,IhavetriedtobreakitintoInorganic,OrganicandPhysical,althoughthisdistinctionisnotnecessarilymadenowinteachingatA-level,especiallysincethemodularcourseswereintroducedinthe1990s.Interestingly,ourownstudentsatSouthamptonUniversitytellusthattheyliketheirteachingtobedeliveredintermsofI,OandPasthishelpsthemtoidentifyareasofweakness.Ineachsection,Ihavereviewedthecontentofthe5main(English)specifications(seeAppendixBformoredetail).Topicsarelistedontheleft,andcoverageinaparticularspecificationisindicatedbya/,whiletheabsenceofthattopicisdenotedbyX.InsomecasesASorA2areusedtoindicatethatthetopicinquestioniscoveredelsewhere.InthecaseofEdexcelNuffieldand(mostnotably)OCR,OPTwillbeseenwhenmaterialiscoveredinanoptionalmodule.Coverageoftheoptionalmodulesincludedinthesespecificationsislimitedtothatwhichoverlapswiththemainstreamcontentofotherspecifications(seeAppendixAformoredetail).Entriesinboldbeginning‘Studentsshouldbeableto…’aretheretohelpcommunicatewhatthestudentsshouldbecapableof.Iremindthereaderthat‘should’isaveryvagueterm…Thedemandofthetopicentriesisvariable,andIhavemadenoattempttosuggestgradelevelsforthem.Iapologiseatthispointforanyincorrectinformation,andIwelcomereportsoferrorsforcorrection([e-mail]).Asstatedelsewhere,thisdocumentismeanttobeanoverview,althoughithasadmittedlybecomesomewhatlargerthanoriginallyenvisaged!Fortrulycomprehensiverecordsofwhateachboardrequires,pleaserefertothespecifications.Frommyownperspective,ithasbeenausefulprocessasIhavebeenabletoidentifythegapsindifferentspecifications,whichwillhelpmetodevelopsupportforundergraduateswhocomeinwithdifferentA-levelbackgrounds.SomeinterestingheadlinesarethattheOCRspecificationistheonlyonethatmakesnomentionof‘entropy’,asignificantomission,somemightsuggest.SN1andSN2reactionsonlycropupinthetwoEdexcelspecifications(theotherscovernucleophilicsubstitutioninagenericsense),whileAQAistheonlyboardtocovertheidealgasequationandGibbsfreeenergy.Thesearejustafewofthedifferencesthatcanbefoundbetweenthedifferentspecifications.DR06/074ContentsPageASchemistry6Generalchemistry6atomicstructure7molesandequations8covalentbondingandshapesofmolecules9ionic,metallicandgiantcovalentstructures10intermediatebondingandintermolecularforces11Inorganicchemistry11theperiodictableandperiodicity12redoxprocesses13s-blockelements14halogensandhalides15Organicchemistry15nomenclatureandisomerism17hydrocarbons19halogenoalkanes20alcoh