AmericanLiterature——TheRomanticPeriod(1790-1865)TheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.ItisagreatfloweringofAmericanliterature;Itisalsocalled“theAmericanRenaissance”.TheRomanticPeriodBackgroundofAmericanRomanticismGeneralCharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismMajorWritersoftheperiodBackgroundsofAmericanRomanticismThedevelopmentoftheAmericasocietynurturedtheliteratureofagreatnation.Americawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.I.NationalinfluencesII.InternationalinfluencesI.NationalinfluencesInpolitics:Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Radicalchangescameaboutinthepoliticallifeofthecountry.Partiesbegantosquabbleandscrambleforpower,andnewsystemwasinthemaking.Ineconomics:Thespreadofindustrialism,thesuddeninfluxofimmigration,andthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest,alltheseproducedsomethingofaneconomicboonandwithit,atremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.Inculture:thepublicationofWebster’sDictionarymarkedthebeginningoftheAmericanEnglish;theappearanceofmanymagazinesandnewspapers.华盛顿·欧文(WashingtonIrving,1783-1859)FatherofAmericaLiteratureII.InternationalinfluencesRomanticMovementinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluence;ManyEnglishandEuropeanmastersofpoetryandprosemadestimulatingimpactonAmericanRomanticism.1.WalterScott:Waverlynovels,TheLadyoftheLake2.Byron:Orientalromances3.Gothictradition,thecultofsolitudeandgloomGeneralCharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismAmericanRomanticism1.Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense;2.Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.3.TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.AmericanRomanticism4.ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.5.Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.CharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismI.TheAmericannationalexperienceofpioneeringintothewestprovedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmorallaw.CharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismII.AmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanRomanticism:1.AmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.2.BesidesapreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforiginalsinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.CharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism3.WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.4.NewEnglandTranscendentalismisthemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.DistinctFeatureofAmericanRomanticism1.Itwastheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”;2.IttendedtobedidacticbecauseofPuritaninfluence;3.ItwasbothimitativeandindependentMajorwritersinTheRomanticPeriodWashingtonIrving(1783-l859)(华盛顿·欧文)WashingtonIrvingwasborninNewYorkCityinawealthyfamily.Fromaveryearlyagehebegantoreadwidelyandwritejuvenilepoems,essays,andplays.AHistoryofNewYork(纽约外史),1809TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(见闻札记),1820RipVanWinkle(瑞普.凡.温克尔)BracebridgeHall,1822(布雷斯布里奇田庄)TalesofaTraveller,1824(旅客谈)TheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus,1828(哥伦布传)TheChroniclesoftheConquestofGranada,1829(攻克格拉纳达)TalesoftheAlhambra,1832(阿尔罕伯拉)Astoria,1836(阿斯托里亚)TheLifeofOliverGoldsmith,1840(revised1849)(哥尔德斯密斯传)MahometandHisSuccessors,1850(穆罕默德及其继承者)TheLifeofGeorgeWashington(5volumes),1855-1859(华盛顿传)RalphWaldoEmerson(拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生)RalphWaldoEmersonisthechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,whichisunanimouslyagreedtobethesummitoftheRomanticperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureNature,1836(论自然)TheAmericanScholar,1837(论美国学者)DivinitySchoolAddress,1838(神学院演讲)TheOversoul,1841(论超灵)SelfReliance,1841(论自立)NathanielHawthorne(1804-l864)(纳撒尼尔·霍桑)HewasbornontheFourthofJuly,l804inSalem,Massachusetts,intoaprominentPuritanfamily.Histhematicconcerns:humansinandevil1837《重讲一遍的故事》,OldManse,1846(古宅青苔)TheSnow-ImageandOtherTwice-ToldTales,1851(雪像和其他故事新编)TheScarletLetter,1850(红字)TheHouseoftheSevenGables,1851(带有七个尖角阁的房子)TheBlithedaleRomance,l852(福谷传奇)TheMarbleFaun,1860(玉石雕像)WaltWhitman(1819-)(华尔特·惠特曼)Whitmanwasbornin1819intoaworking-classfamilyandgrewupinBrooklyn,NewYork.Democ
本文标题:美国浪漫主义文学
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