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TheOriginsoftheCCPChinaFromRevolutionThroughSocialismLecture2ZhengxuWangAssociateProfessorUniversityofNottinghamOriginsofChineseRevolution•TheFalloftheAncienRegime•TheSocialCauses•TheIntellectualOrigins•TheNationalismTheendofimperialChinaandthe1911revolutionThreePhrases•Decline(1840--)–OpiumWarandthefallofthedynasty•Crisis(1894-1901)–TheSino-JapanWarof1894–TheAlliedForceInvasion•Respite(1901-1911)–Reformattempted•Revolution(1911-1912)FromDynasticCrisistoRepublicanRevolution•Crisisofsovereigntyandnationalpride•PerceivedfailureofQing/ManchudynastytostandupforChina’sinterestsagainstimperialistpowers•Anti-ManchurevolutionariesincludeSunYatsen’sTongmenghui(RevolutionaryAlliance),founded1905inJapan•LedsuccessfulmilitaryuprisinginWuhan,October1911•LastemperorabdicatedFeb1912afterprovincessecededfromQingruleTheearlyChineserepublicunderYuanShikai•Sun’sprogressivebutvaguelydefinedprogrammeof3People’sPrinciples:nationalism,democracy,people’slivelihood•Tongmenghui(nowGuomindang(GMD),NationalistParty),won1912elections•ButformerQinggeneralYuanShikaibecamePresident,notSun•Yuanabandonedattemptsatdemocraticparliamentarygovernment,rulingasdictatoruntilhisdeathin1916;warlordismfollowedTheNewCultureMovement•Awayfromdiscreditedparliament,intellectualandculturalfermentcontinuedamongChineseyouth–NewCultureMovement•PreparedtojettisonChinesepast,Confuciantraditions,tosaveChina1915-1919:WW1andtheMay4Movement•NewCulturedevelopsintoMayFourthMovement•JapanesethreattoChinaduringWW1–tookGermanconcessioninShandongprovince;presented21DemandstoYuanShikai’sgovernmentearly1915•Popularreaction:biggesteveranti-Japaneseboycotts,elitenationalismbecomesmassphenomenon•1917:ChinaintoWW1torecoverShandong,bygainingseatatVersaillespeacetalks•ButVersaillesgaveShandongtoJapan,sparkingChina’sMay4thmovement(1919)•Studentdemonstrations,spreadingtorestofsocietyMay4thandmasspoliticsinChina•May4boostedmodern,politicisedlabourmovement•Culturalrevolution,facilitatingmasspolitics;GMDtransformedintoChina’sfirstmassparty•CreatedconditionsforfoundingofChineseCommunistParty1920-21(firstcongressJuly1921)TheSocialCausesofChineseRevolutionTheFormingofaCivilSociety•Intellectuals•Media/Press–Social/cultural–political•Business-classTheRiseofBourgeoisie•China’seconomystill65%rural•Business-classformedInthecoastalcities•AlienatedfromthemercyoftheQinggovernment•Supportedthenewpolitical/socialtrends•Bothprovidedthefoundation/soilfortheintellectualawakeningofChinaTheSocialCausesofChineseRevolution(Cont.)Thegradualriseoftheurbanworkingclass--largenumbersincoastalcities--literate,skilled,concentrated--relativedeprivationTheClassStructureinCountryside•Hugenumberoflandless,underemployedpeasants•Harshlivingconditions•LandRent,LandTax,Usury“MiseryofPeasantLife”BothprovidedthehugereservoirofrevolutionaryforceTheIntellectualOrigins-TheNewCultureMovementIntroducingwesternideas/thoughts•Criticism/rejectingConfucian/Chinesetraditionalphilosophies,ethics,institutions•Renaissance•Enlightenment•Frenchrevolution•Equality,freedom,rights•Darwinismandmodernization•Mr.DandMr.Sci!LuXun•The“EatMen”historyofChina•EmancipationofhumanmindHuShi•RejectingConfucianoldliterarystyle•--thebaihua—commoner’slanguageliterature•Aliteracyrevolution,literacybecomesaccessibletothemassYanFuTheIntellectualOrigins•Anarchism•Liberalism•Marxism•ChristianityReformismNationalismandRevolutionWesternpowers’penetration/controlfrom1840on•OpiumWar,1840•SecondOpiumWar,1856•Sino-JapanWar,1894•AlliedForceInvasion,1900Japan’srole•1905,Japan-RussiawarfoughtonChina’sland•15Jan1915—21Demands•VersaillesConferencegaveShandongtoJapan,sparkingChina’sMay4thmovement(1919)•1931,ManchuriaThefoundingoftheChineseCommunistParty•Gradualprocessfrommid-1920tomid-1921•OrganizationalappealofBolshevikcommunism(Marxism-Leninism)after1917Russianrevolution•BroughtclassanalysistoChinesesocialism&promisedconcreteprogress•Studysocietiesbecamepartycells,inBeijing,Shanghai,Tianjin,Jinan,Hubei…•AndHunan–Mao'sNewCitizens'StudySociety;MaoconvertedtoMarxismspring1920•HunangrouphadmanyBeidastudents,womenmembers•CellstructureofLeninistparty–hardtoinfiltrate•SovietroleinCCPfounding–Comintern’sGregoryVoitinskyandYangMingzhaiinChinafromspring1920,attended1stCCPCongressThefirstCCPcongress•FirstnationalCCPcongressheldinFrenchConcession,Shanghai,July1921,insecret•13delegatesrepresented53membersofsevenlocalCommunistgroups.2Cominternadvisorsalsopresent•Firstprogrammestressedlabourorganization,propagandawork