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CFA-Level-I-②FSA1.FASB(FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard)-USGAAPIASB-IFRS2.现金流量与债务总额比3.currentcost买一个设备的价格realizablecost卖一个设备的价格，可以实现的价格fairvalue:theamountatwhichtwopartiesinanarm's-lengthtransactionwouldexchangetheasset，这个是信息对称的价格，更加接地气Marketprice:市场的行业价格，但是信息是不对称的投资活动的是用fairvalue-revaluationmodel与现金收支相关的应当用presentvalue生产经营相关的应当用historicalvalue-costmodel4.ComprehensiveIncome=OCI+NIOthercomprehensiveIncomeforbothGAAPandIFRS①Foreigncurrencytranslationgainsandlosses.②Certaincostsofacompany'sdefinedbenefitpost-retirementplansthatarenotrecognizedinthecurrentperiod.(actuarialgains/losses)③Unrealizedgainsandlossesfromcashflowhedgingderivatives.④Unrealizedgainsandlossesfromavailable-forsalesecurities.UnderIFRS,othercomprehensiveincomeincludescertainchangesinthevalueoflong-livedassetsthataremeasuredusingtherevaluationmodelratherthanthecost投资性房地产5.代理者言论的报告，委托一些人去办理一些事情，股东委托directors管理mgt6.-Unqualified(clean)opinion:freefrommaterialerrors.fraud.orillegalacts-Qualifiedopinion:ifstatementsmakeanyexceptionstotheaccountingprinciples,canissuequalifiedopinionandexplaintheexceptions-Adverseopinion:ifnotpresentedfairlyornotmateriallyconformingwithaccountingstandards.-Disclaimerofopinion:Iftheauditorisunabletoexpressanopinion(e.g.,inthecaseofascopelimitation),adisclaimerofopinionisissued.7.Internalcontrolsystem-theprocessesbywhichthecompanyensuresthatitpresentsaccuratefinancialstatements.-Internalcontrolsaretheresponsibilityofmanagement.-UnderU.S.GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),theauditormustexpressanopiniononthefirm'sinternalcontrols.----Theauditorcanprovidethisopinionseparatelyorasthefourthelementofthestandardopinion7.FinancialStatementanalysisframework8.reportingstandards的要求:CoherentFinancialRpeortingFramework-Transparancy-Comprehensive-Consistency9.ISAB-FASB-TheIASBframeworklistsIncomeandexpensesaselementsrelatedtoperformance.whiletheFASBframeworkincludesrevenues,expenses,gain,losses,andcomprehensiveincome.-TheFASBdefinesanassetasafutureceonomicbenefit,whereastheIASBdefinesitasaresourcesfromafutureeconomicbenefitisexpecedtoflow.Also,theFASBusesthewordprobableinitsdefinitionofassetsandliabilities.-TheFASBdoesnotallowtheupwardvaluationofmostassets.-FASBpinciple-baseIASBrulebase===objective-orientedapproach10.Bynature:-含有折旧Presentingalldepreciationexpensefrommanufaturingandadministrationtogetherinonelineoftheincomestatement.ByFunction:-不含折旧Combiningallconstsassociatiedwithmanufacturing(Rawmaterial,depreciation,labor,etc.)11.EIBT是operatingprofit的分水岭①Unusualorinfrequentitems(nonrecurringitems)-reportedabovethelineandpresentedonapretaxbasis-----G/Lfromthesaleofassetsorpartofabusiness-----Impairments,write-offs.write-downs.andrestructuringcosts.②Extraordinaryitems(presentedonnetoftax)--Unusualandinfrequent（ONLYUSGAAP）-Lossfromexpropriationofassets;没收资产，排华运动-Gainsorlossesfromearlyretirementofdebt;-Uninsuredlossesfromnaturaldisasters.③Discontinuedoperations(presentedonnetoftax)（ONLYUSGAAP）④Accountingchanges(notes)--现在已经放在线上，由于不属于infrequency-Changeinaccountingprinciple(mightberetrospective);-Changeinaccountingestimate(prospectiveandnotabelowlineitem).12.Netrevenueisrevenueforgoodssoldduringtheperiodlessanyreturnsandallowancesanddiscount.13.grossprofit=grossmarginoperatingprofit14.common-size结构百分比15.SalesReconginition:ProcessandPayment①-完工百分比法POC（Percentage:totalcostincurredtodatedividedbythetotalexpectedoftheproject，可以可靠估计的成本）-合同完工法CC（更加谨慎，只有USGAAP）成本已经可以确定了，东西给了别人，类似于长期收款-GAAP:如果收入可以可靠估计，则确认为未来的收入收入和成本以及毛利-installmentmethod，如果收入不可估计，则按照收入确认成本-IFRS:入股收入可以估计，按照折现的收入和成本来缺毛利，如果不可收回则是costrecoveryGrossprofitMargin很重要16.USGAAPvsIFRS①Extraordinaryitems只有US有②Completedcontract只有US有③Installmentcontract-GAAP:如果收入可以可靠估计，则确认为未来的收入收入和成本以及毛利-installmentmethod，如果收入不可估计，则按照收到的钱确认成本，无毛利。-IFRS:如果收入可以估计，按照折现的收入和成本来缺毛利，如果不可收回则是costrecovery17.BarterTransactions-Inabartertransaction,twopartiesexchangegoodsorserviceswithoutcashpayment.-Around-triptransactioninvolvesthesaleofgoodstoonepartywiththesimultaneouspurchaseofalmostidenticalgoodsfromthesameparty.Theunderlyingissuewiththesetransactionsiswhetherrevenueshouldberecognized.----AccordingtoU.S.GAAP-revenuefromabartertransactioncanberecognizedat①fairvalueonlyifthefirmhas②historicallyreceivedcashpaymentsforsuchgoodsandservicesancanusethishistoricalexperiencetodeterminefairvalue.-Otherwise.therevenueisrecordedatthecarryingvalueoftheassetsurrendered.----UnderIFRSrevenuefrombartertransactionsmustbebasedonthefairvalueofrevenuefromsimilarnonbartertransactionswithunrelatedparties.18.Undergrossrevenuereporting,thesellingfirmreportssalesrevenueandcostofgoodssoldseparately.Undernetrevenuereporting,onlythedifferenceinsalesandcostisreported.Whileprofitisthesame.salesarehigherusinggrossrevenuereporting-Betheprimaryobligorunderthecontract.-主要义务人-Beartheinventoryriskandcreditrisk.-风险承担-Beabletochooseitssupplier.-可以选择供应商-Havereasonablelatitudetoestablishtheprice.可以合理定价19.EPSbasicEPS：只考虑优先股authorizedshare批准上市的份额issuershare：首次发行的部分oustanding普通股的流通股WACSO:weightedaveragecommonshareoutstanding-Newissueorrepurchas