EnglishGrammar九年级(3)班1.1名词的分类名词可以分为专有名词(ProperNouns)和普通名词(CommonNouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,joy等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(IndividualNouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:doctor,house,photo。2)集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family,class。3)物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:rice,water,air。4)抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:health,friendship。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(CountableNouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)。归纳表格如下||专有名词|||名||个体名词||||||可数名词||||集体名词||||普通名词||||词||物质名词||||||不可数名词||||抽象名词||1.2名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词_________________________________________一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读/z/;car-cars___________________________________________________以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches___________________________________________________以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses___________________________________________________以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby---babies1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays比较:楼层:storey---storeysstory---stories2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianosradio---radioszoo---zoos;b.加es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoesTheNegroesarelittleheroes.Theylikeeatingpotatoesandtomatoes.c.均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief---beliefsroof---roofssafe---safesb.去f,fe加ves,如knife---knivesthief---thievesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---lives妻子拿刀去宰狼,小偷吓得着了慌。躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。1.3名词复数的不规则变化1)child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethmouse---miceman---menwoman---women注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people,police等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,而theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:TheChinesearehard-workingandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b.news是不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼Exercises将下列单词变成复数bus-class-box-match-watch-tomato-potato-radio-photo-zoo-family-country-city-story-baby-key-boy-life-knife-leaf-woman-Frenchman-foot-American-Chinese-sheep-child-busesclassesboxesmatcheswatchestomatoespotatoesradiosphotoszoosfamiliescountiescitiesstoriesbabieskeysboyssheepchildrenknivesleaveslivesFrenchmenwomenAmericansfeetChinese1.4不可数名词量的变化:在不可数名词前加of短语,利用量词和容器的数量来表示不可数名词的“量”.abottleofmilk---twobottlesofmilkapieceofmeat---threepiecesofmeat表示不可数名词量的相关词语还有:some,alotof,much,alittle,little,lotsof……巩固练习:(1)一茶杯茶(2)一块冰(3)两公斤肉(4)五瓶桔汁(5)一公斤鸡肉(6)许多瓶牛奶abottleofjuiceaglassofmilkabagofriceapoundofbreadapieceofmeatakiloofchicken2bottlesofjuice3glassesofmilk4bagsofrice5poundsofbread6piecesofmeat7kilosofchicken1.不可数名词以容器来计量如:2.不可数名词以表示数量的单位来计算如:复数形式复数形式只把容器变复数只把计量单位变复数注意问题不可数名词可用作复数的几种情况。用来表示类别时,可用复数。例如:drinks各种饮料vegetables各种蔬菜foods各种食物fruits各种水果Therearen’tany_____inthefridge.Let’sgoandbuysomepeas,carrotsandcabbages.A.vegetablesB.fruitC.meatD.eggsA选择填空()1.Iwantthree____whitepaper.A.piecesB.pieceofC.piecesof()2.Doyouwanttodrinkmuch____?A.amilkB.milkC.milks()3.Inautumn,youcanseealotof____ontheground.A.leafB.leafsC.leaves()4.Mysisterhastwo____.Oneisold,theotherisnew.A.awatchB.watchsC.watchesCBCC选择填空()5.TheycomefromJapan.They’re____.A.JapaneseB.JapanesesC.aJapanese()6.Some____arecomingtohelpus.A.peoplesB.peopleC.thepeople()7.Thehorsehasfour____.A.feetB.feetsC.foots()8.Theboyhurtoneofhis_____,sohecouldn’twalkanylonger.A.teethB.handsC.feetD.earsACBA选择填空()9.Wehavealotof____todo.A.worksB.workC.worker()10.Canyouseemany____areeatingthegrassatthefootofthehill?A.sheepsB.sheepC.asheep()11.Therearesix____inkitchen.A.bagofriceB.bagsofricesC.bagsofrice()12.DoyoulikeAmerican____?A.foodsB.foodC.afoodBBCB选择填空()13.Hehasthree____underthebed.A.pairofshoeB.pairsofshoeC.pairsofshoes()14.____comefromEngland.TheyspeakEnglish.A.EnglishmanB.EnglishmansC.Englishmen()15.I’mhungry.Giveme____toeat.A.twopiecesofbreadB.twopieceofbreadsC.twopieceofbreadCCA1.5复合名词的复数形式a.一般是只把复合名词中的主体名词变成复数形式。looker(s)-on旁观者,son(s)-in-law女婿如没有主体名词,则在最后一个词变成复数形式。grow-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人c.有些复合名词的组成部分都要变成复数形式。manservant—menservantswomandoctor—womendoctors1.6名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。如:sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:menworkerswomenteachers3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。如:goodstrain(货车)clothesbrush衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:two-dozeneggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan一个五年计划1.7名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher’sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)表示有生命的东西(人或