半导体材料23Chemicalvs.chemical/physicaletchingPurelychemicaletching(usingonlyreactiveneutralspecies)IsotropicetchingChemical+physicaletching(usingreactiveneutralspeciesandionicspecies)Anisotropicetching4•Manydifferentmechanismsproposedforthissynergisticetchingbetweenphysicalandchemicalcomponents.Twomechanismsareshownabove.•Ionbombardmentcanenhanceetchprocess(suchasbydamagingthesurfacetoincreasereaction,orbyremovingetchbyproducts),orcanremoveinhibitorthatisanindirectbyproductofetchprocess(suchaspolymerformationfromcarboningasorfromphotoresist).•Whatevertheexactmechanism(multiplemechanismsmayoccuratthesametime):•needbothcomponentsforetchingtooccur.•getanisotropicetchingandlittleundercuttingbecauseofdirectedionflux.•getselectivityduetochemicalcomponentandchemicalreactions.Therearemanyapplicationsinetchingtoday.Ion-EnhancedEtchingChemicalcomponentselectivityPhysicalcomponentanisotropyvolatilityofbyproductsRolesofions:Adsorption,Reaction,Formationofbyproducts,removalSILICONVLSITECHNOLOGYFundamentals,PracticeandModelingByPlummer,Deal&Griffin©2000byPrenticeHallUpperSaddleRiverNJ5Effectoftheinhibitorw/oinhibitor=Isotropicw/inhibitor=Anisotropic6PlasmaassistedetchingDrychemicaletching(Plasmaetching)RFenergyisappliedtoaseparateelectrodewiththesubstratesgrounded.Materialisremovedfromthesubstratebychemicalmeans.PurelychemicaletchingGlowdischargeisusedtoproducechemicallyreactivespecies(atoms,radicals,orions)Reactive-ionEtching(RIE)IfRFenergyisappliedtothesubstratesinalowpressurehalogen-richenvironment,materialcanberemovedbybothchemicalmeansandionbombardmentofthesubstratesurface.Greatercontroloverlinewidthsandedgeprofilesispossiblewithoxides,nitrides,polysiliconandaluminum.Acombinationofphysical/chemicaletchingAccomplishedbyreplacingtheneutralgasinar.f.sputteringsystembyoneormorechemicalspeciesGlowdischargeisusedtoproducechemicallyreactivespecies(atoms,radicals,orions)andchemicallyinertionsHighlyanisotropicetching7溅射离子刻蚀原理及斜面刻蚀分析1.刻面效应2.再沉积效应3.阴影效应891011表征方法1.霍尔效应测试2.X射线衍射方法(XRD)3.光致发光谱(PL)4.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)5.其他测试方法:扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、采用PMT920光电倍增、DF4810型晶体管特性图示仪、KEITHLEY4200I-V测试系统12课程总结半导体材料与工艺课程内容共分为五部分13半导体材料及器件工艺技术(一)1发光器件材料及工艺技术2光伏器件材料及工艺技术14l0.87µm1发光器件材料及工艺技术1516典型的量子阱激光器波导结构示意图17182光伏器件材料及工艺技术19在织构化硅衬底上制备的HIT太阳电池(HeterojunctionWithIntrinsicThinLayer)20半导体材料及器件工艺技术(二)1光刻技术2真空镀膜3晶体制备及液相外延4磁控溅射21溅射(sputtering)又叫阴极溅射(cathodicsputtering)。溅射镀膜是一个PVD过程。通过用由稀有气体在低真空下放电获得的正离子轰击置于阴极的固体表面(靶),使固体原子(或分子)从表面射出,进而以一定能量淀积在基片上,形成薄膜。与蒸发薄膜相比,由于溅射中的靶材料无相变,化合物不易分解,合金不易分馏,因此使用的膜材更为广泛。在微米/纳米技术中有广泛的用途。如用于制备金属膜、合金膜、半导体膜、氧化物、绝缘介质膜、化合物半导体膜、碳化物及氮化物,以及超导薄膜等。溅射镀膜22射频溅射镀膜法在靶阴极上的电位是相对0电位的基片的是一叠加在-4000V负高压上作射频变化的电压。特点:淀积速率高,质量较好,几乎适于所有材料。磁控溅射镀膜法在电场的垂直方向加一磁场,电子在正交电磁场的空间里作摆线运动,大大提高离子流的密度,从而提高溅射效率。是一种理想的方法,已获广泛应用。+-23溅射阀值溅射阀值是指使靶原子发生溅射的入射离子所必须具有的最小能量。能量较小的荷电正离子并不能立即阴极材料中轰出原子。而只能使它们在其平衡位置加速振动。只有当获得的能量超过其结合能,才可能从表面被溅射出来。溅射阈值取决于靶材料对于同一周期的元素,溅射阀值随原子序数增加而减小。对绝大多数金属来说,该值为10~30eV24半导体材料及器件工艺技术(三)1离子镀成膜技术2分子束外延技术25离子成膜法离子镀膜法是美国Sandia公司的D.M.Mattox于1963年首先提出来的,它是在真空条件下,靠直流电场引起放电,阳极兼作蒸发源,基片放在阴极上,在气体离子和蒸发物质的轰击下,将蒸发物质或其反应物镀在基电底上。由于使用离子轰击基片,可以获得附着性更好,膜的硬度更高,厚更厚的薄膜。1-5kV原子离子26蒸发离子镀离子镀是在真空条件下,利用气体放电使气体或被蒸发物部分离化,产生离子轰击效应,最终将蒸发物或反应物沉积在基片上。离子镀集气体辉光放电、等离子体技术、真空蒸发技术于一身,大大改善了薄膜的性能。优点是:1、兼有真空蒸发镀膜和溅射的优点;2、所镀薄膜与基片结合好;3、到达基片的沉积粒子绕射性好;4、可用于镀膜的材料广泛;5、沉积率高;6、镀膜前对镀件清洗工序简单且对环境无污染。27成膜原理在离子镀的过程中,存在两种反的过程其一,淀积作用MNnA60104:淀积速率(m/min):薄膜密度g/cm3M:淀积物质的摩尔质量NA:质量阿佛伽德罗常数其二,剥离作用103106.110jnjj:入射离子形成的电流密度(mA/cm2)镀膜条件:nnj28半导体材料及器件工艺技术(四)1喷雾热解成膜技术2CVD成膜技术低压CVD、常压CVD、离子增强型CVD、MOCVD3扩散及阳极氧化技术29CVD薄膜生长30CVD化学反应PyrolysisirreversibleHydridereaction,SiH4(g)Si(s)+2H2(g)Metal-organicreactionMOCVD(CH3)3Ga(g)+AsH3(g)GaAs(s)+3CH4(g)Advantages:lowgrowthtemperaturecoldwallreactorDisadvantage:chemicalpurityandcost31CVD化学反应DisproportionationirreversibleAsCl3(g)+3Ga(s)3GaCl(g)+1/4As4(g)3GaCl(g)+1/2As4(g)2GaAs(s)+GaCl3(g)Disadvantages:multizonefurnacelowgasflowlowreactionefficiency(66%)systemcontamination(hotwall)32Plasma-EnhancedCVD33半导体材料及器件工艺技术(五)1刻蚀技术化学刻蚀、离子刻蚀、反应离子刻蚀2半导体材料及器件的测试34RF-poweredplasmaetchsystemRF-poweredplasmaetchsystem35MaskFilm++Ionicspecies++++PhysicalEtching•Notveryselectivesinceallmaterialssputterataboutthesamerate.•Physicalsputteringcancausedamagetosurface,withextentandamountofdamageadirectfunctionofionenergy(notiondensity).IonEnhancedEtching•Thechemicalandphysicalcomponentsofplasmaetchingdonotalwaysactindependently-bothintermsofnetetchrateandinresultingetchprofile.•FigureshowsetchrateofsiliconasXeF2gas(notplasma)andAr+ionsareintroducedtothesiliconsurface.Onlywhenbotharepresentdoesappreciableetchingoccur.•Etchprofilescanbeveryanisotopic,andselectivitycanbegood.NoplasmasputteringSILICONVLSITECHNOLOGYFundamentals,PracticeandModelingByPlummer,Deal&Griffin©2000byPrenticeHallUpperSaddleRiverNJ36EtchantsandetchproductsSolidEtchgasEtchproductSi,SiO2,Si3N4PSG,andBPSGCF4,SF6,andNF3SiF4SiCl2andCCl2F2SiCl2andSiCl4AlBCl3,CCl4,Cl2Al2Cl6andAlCl3OrganicsolidsPhotoresists,etc.O2O2+CF4CO,CO2,H2OCO,CO2,HFRefractorymetals(W,Ta,Ti,Mo,etc.)CF4WF6…..GaAs,InPCl2andCCl2F2GaC