免费停车的高昂代价

1免费停车的高昂代价2SomebackgroundforthinkingaboutAmericanparkingpolicies美国停车政策背景Americanmotorvehiclesconsumeone-eighthoftheworld’stotaloilproduction.机动车消耗全球产油总量的八分之一Weimporthalfofalltheoilweconsume.消耗的石油中50%依靠进口Wepayfortheseimportswithborrowedmoney.政府举债支付进口石油U.S.has18percentmorevehiclesthanlicenseddrivers.机动车数量比驾照持有者数量多18%Americandriversparkfreeattheendof99%oftheirvehicletrips.机动车出行中免费停车高达99%Anythingthatisunsustainablewilleventuallystop.任何阻碍可持续发展的行为都将被阻止3Transportationsystemshavethreebasicelements:交通系统的三个基本要素：VehiclesRightsofwayTerminalcapacity交通工具路权站点容量Trains火车Tracks轨道Stations火车站Airplanes飞机Sky天空Airports飞机场Ships轮船Oceans海洋Seaports港口Cars汽车Roads道路Parkingspaces停车位Zoninghasthreebasicelements规划小区的三个基本要素1.Permitteduses,suchasresidential,commercialandindustrialzones经许可的使用用途，如居民区、商业区和工业区2.Permittedbulk—regulatedbyfloor-arearatios,heightlimits,setbacks,andopen-spacerequirements经许可的空间，受限于容积率、高度限制、建筑港湾和敞开式空间的要求3.Off-streetparkingrequirements路外停车配建标准4Surveyofparkingrequirementsfor660landusesin20022002年660处用地的停车配建标准调查5ThePlanningAdvisoryService’sownwordssummarizeitsmainconclusions:美国规划咨询服务（PAS）机构的主要结论Theunderlyingassumptionsusedindraftingparkingrequirementsareunknown(1964,1).起草停车配建标准所需要的基本假设尚未明确（1964，1）Copyingothercities’parkingrequirementsmaysimplyrepeatsomeoneelse’smistakes(1971,1).照搬其他城市的停车配建标准可能只会重复别人的错误(1971，1)Foreverylandusewhoseparkingdemandplannersknowsomethingabout,atleastadozenremainmysteries(1983,15).对于每一块用地，虽然其停车配建标准规划者对需求有所了解，仍然还有很多遗留问题（1983，15）Absurdtwistsoflogicinthewaythestandardsweredraftedsometimesmakeitimpossibletosaywhichoftwocitiesrequiresmoreparkingforthesamelanduse(1991,1).标准制定逻辑的不合理有时使我们很难说清楚哪两个城市在同一用地上需要更多的停车位（1991,1）Manycommunitieshavecreatedparkingstandardsthatrequiredevelopmentstobuildparkingspacesfarinexcessofdemand(2002,6).许多社区都制定了停车标准，要求开发项目建设超过需求量的停车位（2002,6）Aparkingrequirementsampler停车配建标准样本Barbershop理发店2spacesperbarber2个车位/理发师Beautyshop美容院3spacesperbeautician3个车位/美容师Nunnery修道院1spaceper10nuns1个车位/10名修女Rectory教区3spacesper4clergymen3个车位/4名牧师Sexnoveltyshop3spacesper1,000squarefeet成人用品商店3个车位/1000平方英尺Gasstation1.5spacesperfuelnozzle加油站1.5个车位/燃油喷嘴Swimmingpool1spaceper2,500gallons游泳池1个车位/2500加仑水Mausoleum10spacespermaximumnumberofintermentsinaone-hourperiod陵墓10个车位/最大葬礼数/小时6TwoMistakesinParkingPolicy停车政策的两点错误1.Keepcurbparkingfreeorcheap路内停车免费或收费过低2.Requirelotsofoff-streetparking需要大量路外停车位SanJosé'sminimumparkingrequirements1,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,6506,6006,6008,2508,25001,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,000AnimalGooomingAuctionHouseSkatingRinkDanceHallRestaurantSquarefeetofbuildingandrequiredparkingBuildingareaParkingareaSanJose‘s最低停车配建标准餐厅滑冰场拍卖行舞厅动物园建筑面积（平方英尺）及所需停车场建筑面积停车面积7SanJose’sminimumparkingrequirementsSanJose的最低停车配建标准8Plannerswhosetminimumparkingrequirements:制定最低停车配建标准的规划师Don’tknowhowmuchtherequiredparkingspacescost.不知道所需停车位的成本是多少Don’tknowhowmuchtheparkingrequirementsincreasethecostofhousingandeverythingelse.不知道停车配建标准增加了多少住房和其他成本Don’tknowhowtheparkingrequirementsaffecturbandesign.不知道停车配建标准如何影响城市设计Don’tknowhowmuchtheparkingrequirementsincreasecongestion.不知道停车配建标准会在多大程度上加剧城市拥堵Plannerswhosetminimumparkingrequirements:制定最低停车配建标准的规划师Don’tknowhowmuchtheparkingrequirementsincreaseairpollution.不知道停车配建标准会在多大程度上增加空气污染Don’tknowhowmuchtheparkingrequirementsincreasefuelconsumption.不知道停车配建标准会在多大程度上增加能源消耗Havenotraininginhowtosetaminimumparkingrequirement.对于如何制定最低停车配建标准没有经过任何培训Aregovernmentalizingwhatshouldremainprivatedecisions.难道政府管理应该保留个人决定？9AGreatPlanningDisaster一个巨大的规划灾难•Skewtravelchoicestowardcars小汽车成为主要出行工具•Distorturbanform扭曲城市形态•Degradeurbandesign降低城市规划档次•Impedereuseofolderbuildings阻碍旧建筑物的再利用•Raisehousingcosts抬高房价•Limithomeownership限制家庭保有水平•Damagetheurbaneconomy破坏城市经济•Harmtheenvironment破坏环境ThreeReformsinParkingPolicy关于停车政策的三项改革1.Chargetherightpriceforcurbparking.路内停车合理收费Thelowestpricethatwillleaveoneortwovacantspacesoneachblock—performance-basedpricing最低收费标准将使得每个街区出现一到两个空位—绩效收费（不同停车时长采取不同收费标准，不是每小时固定的收费标准）2.Returnthemeterrevenuetotheneighborhoodsthatgenerateit.将停车计时收费的收入返还给相应社区Revenuereturnwillmakeperformance-basedpricesforcurbparkingpoliticallypopular.返还收入能使按绩效收费的路内停车更受欢迎3.Reduceorremoveoff-streetparkingrequirements.Donotrequireadditionalparkingwhenabuilding’susechanges.减少或者取消路外停车配建标准。当改变建筑物用途时，不增加停车需求Freedomfromparkingrequirementswillallowhigherdensityandnewusesforoldbuildings.从停车配建标准中解脱出来将提高建筑物的利用强度，并赋予旧建筑物新的用途。101.Performance-basedParkingPrices1.绩效停车收费Performance-basedpricesadjustovertimetomaintainafewvacantspaces.绩效停车收费能够调整超时停车状况，从而保证一些空停车位Thegoalistokeepabout85percentoftheparkingspacesoccupiedallthetime.计时停车收费的目的是一直保持约85%的停车位使用率Aboutonecurbspaceisvacantoneachsideofeachblocksothateveryonecanseethatconvenientparkingisavailableeverywhere.大约每个街区的每一侧都有一个空闲的路内停车位，这样每个人都能感到无论哪里路内停车都很方便Whatistherightpriceforcurbparking?合理的路内停车收费？1.Thepriceistoohighifmanycurbspacesarevacantbecausebusinesseswilllosepotentialcustomers.如果路边空停车位太多，意味着收费太高，这样商业会失去潜在客户2.Thepriceistoolowifnospacesarevacantbecausedriverswillcongesttrafficandpollutetheairastheycircletheblocksearchingforanopenspace.停车收费太低，路边没有空停车位，那么司机在