第15章:遗传密码Geneticcode遗传密码:mRNA上由三个连续的核苷酸决定一个氨基酸的组合,称遗传密码、密码子或三联体密码(tripletcode)。AgroupofthreeadjacentnucleotidesonthemRNAencodeaspecifyaminoacid.1、遗传密码的破译RNA:UUAAGCAGC?DNA:AATTCGTCGprotein:Howthe4basesspecifiedinnucleicacidthe20aminoacidinprotein?43=6420(√)42=1620(×)mRNA5′AUCGACCUGAGC3′mRNA5′AUCGACCUGAGC3′多肽NPhe-Phe-Phe-PheCmRNA5’UUUUUUUUUUUU3’1.1数学推算:三联体密码3′AUCGACCUGAGC420(×)mRNA5′In1954,Gamovspeculategeneticcodeistripletcodon)•Theevidenceshowedthatthegeneticcodewastriplet,nonoverlappingandunpunctuated。1.2.插入与删除实验NatureonDecember30,1961Crick①体外翻译系统的建立②RNA的合成均聚RNA随机共聚RNA重复序列组成的多聚体三核苷酸RNA③三核苷酸—核糖体—aa-tRNA复合体1.3遗传密码的破译①体外翻译系统的建立PaulZamecnikInvitroPoly(U)poly(Phe)peptidePoly(C)poly(Pro)peptidePoly(A)poly(Lys)peptidePoly(G)※???均聚RNA+体外翻译系统的建立②RNA的合成MarshallNirenberg(1961)WhatMadPursuit!complexsecondarystructurepolynucleotidephosphorylase:(多核苷酸磷酸酶)requiresnotemplateandmakespolymersusingNDP.随机共聚RNA+体外翻译系统的建立ButSer/Leu?UCU/CUCpoly(UCUCUC…)poly(Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu…)CODONFREQUENCYRELATIVEFREQUENCYAAA0.579100AAC0.11620ACA0.11620CAA0.11620ACC0.0234CAC0.0234CCA0.0234CCC0.004631ADPandCDPareusedina5:1ratioItispossibletodeterminethecompositionofthecodon!!Buttheprecisesequenceofthetripletcodonisnotdetermined??Thatrequiredthechemicalsynthesisofshortoligonucleotideswithdefinedsequences!!重复序列组成的多聚体GobindKhoranaTwobase-repeatingsequenceThreebase-repeatingsequenceM.Nirenberg&P.Leder(1964.Science145;1399)tRNAaatrinucleotideRibosomeNitrocellulosefiltertrinucleotideSer-C14,Leu,Lys,Arg,…Ser,Leu-C14,Lys,Arg,…Ser,Leu,Lys-C14,Arg,………InvitroNirenbergandPhilLedershowedthataminoacylatedtRNAscouldbeboundtoribosomesiftheribosomescontainedtrinucleotidesactingasmRNA.③三核苷酸—核糖体—aa-tRNA复合体Ser-C14….Leu-C14….Lys-C14….Gly-C14….In1966,61codonspecified20aminoacids,and3stopcodon20reactionsinparallel.Eachhad19nonradioactiveaminoacidand1radioactiveaminoacid.Thecrackingofthegeneticcodeisregardedasoneofthemostimportantscientificdiscoveriesofthetwentiethcentury1968H.GobindKhorana(46y)HowtosynthesizetripletRNAMarshallNirenberg(41y)GeneticcodenRobertHolley(46y)tRNAphecloverleafstructure2、遗传密码的特点①遗传密码是三联体的,无标点,不重叠的②遗传密码的简并性③密码子与反密码子反向配对④密码子的摆动性⑤密码子的近乎通用性.⑥密码子饿近乎专职性.⑦起始密码子和终止密码子①密码子是三联体的,且是无标点的、不重叠的•无标点性是指两个密码子之间没有任何核苷酸隔开;•不重叠性是指每三个核苷酸编码一个氨基酸,核苷酸不重复使用•三联体密码以线性的方式被阅读,中间不存在重叠(overlapping)和停顿(punctuation)•即使在重叠基因中,各个ORF仍按三联体方式连续读码②密码子的简并性.简并性(Degeneracy)——1个氨基酸有多个密码子或多个密码子为1个氨基酸编码的现象。同义密码子(synonymouscodons)——编码同一种氨基酸的密码子称同义密码子。同义密码子不是随机排列的,通常只是第三位的碱基不同。20种氨基酸中,18种(除蛋氨酸Met、色氨酸Trp)均有一个以上的密码子。密码子简并性的生物学意义??减少有害突变增大DNA上碱基组成的变动增加生物物种的稳定性Tyr5’AUG3’(mRNA)tRNATyr反密码3’GAU5’(应读5’3’,书写应为UAG)③密码子与反密码子反向配对变偶性:密码子的第三位碱基比前二个碱基具有较小的专一性;密码子在与反密码子配对时,前面两对碱基严格按碱基配对原则,而第三对碱基允许有一定的自由度。密码子的这一特性称为摆动性或变偶性。④密码子的变偶性(wobble)ThewobblebasepermitsrapiddissociationofthetRNAfromitscodonduringproteinsynthesis.ThefirstbaseofthetRNAanticodonThethirdbaseofthemRNAcodonCGAUUA或GGC或UIU、C或AWobblehypothesisbyCrick密码子的前两位碱基同反密码子的后两位碱基间形成强Watson-Crick配对,并决定编码的特异性反密码子的第一位碱基决定了能与其识别的密码子数目。前两位碱基不同的简并密码子需要不同的tRNA分子来识别.翻译61种密码子最少需要种不同的tRNA需要的最少tRNA为?32tRNAarerequiredtotranslateall61codons32tRNAarerequiredtotranslateall61codons•⑤密码子的近乎通用性•…………通用性和变异性⑥密码子近乎专职性.•Nocodonspecifiesmorethanoneaminoacid.•TheexceptionsareAUG,UGAandUAG.AUG(startcodonandmiddleMet);UGA(selenocysteine硒代半胱氨酸21aaandstopcodonUAG(pyrrolysine吡咯赖氨酸22aaandstopcodon3stopcodons:UAA,UAG,andUGA.onestartcodon:AUG.However,GUGandUUGareoccasionallyfoundasstartcodons。⑦起始密码子和终止密码子.学习要点1概念:密码子、密码子简并性、同义密码2掌握密码子的基本特征3掌握startcodon、stopcodon