第四讲 法律文献翻译

第四讲法律文体翻译TranslationofLegalDocuments法律语言的文体特征正式的规范语体古体词、法语和拉丁语词汇大量使用。hereby:bymeansorbyreasonsofthishereinafter:inthisdocumentandafterthispointhereto:tothisplace,documenthereon,hereof,hereunder,whereof,henceforth,notwithstanding,aforesaid拉丁语和法语cessid:[L]让与majores:[L]成年人quasi:[L]标准bonafide:[L]真诚地subject:[F]主体schedule:[F]日程contract:[F]合同表达规范“有…的义务”：shall,must,havethedutyof,itisthedutyof…,obligation.“严禁”：prohibit,mustnot,maynotshallnot,notallowed“有权”：havetherighto…,enjoytherightsof…,beentitledto…,may“章、节、条”：chapter,section,article“款、项”：paragraph/clause,item客观性汉语多为无主句，英语却频繁使用被动语态，避免动作的发出者，从而使动作的客体得到强调，叙述语言较为客观。E.g.:为了规范保险活动，保护保险活动当事人的合法利益，加强对保险业的监督管理，促进保险事业的健康发展，制定本法。Thislawisenactedforthepurposeofregulatinginsuranceactivities,protectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestofthepartiesinvolved,strengtheningsupervisionandcontroloftheinsuranceindustryandpromotingitshealthydevelopment.严密与模糊共存，简约与重复统一法律语言须字斟句酌，规范准确，同时又使用涵盖面广的抽象词汇，形成严密与模糊共存的情况；为避免指示代词可能造成的误解，经常不厌其烦地重复前面出现的结构和词汇，形成简约与重复统一。人民法院接到起诉状或者口头诉状，经审查，符合本法规定受理条件的，应当在7日内立案；不符合本法规定受理条件的，应当在7日内通知原告不予受理，并说明理由。Whenapeople’scourtreceivesabillofcomplaintoranoralcomplaintandfindsuponexaminationthatitmeetstherequirementsforacceptanceasspecifiedinthislaw,itshallwithinsevendaysfileacase;ifthecomplaintdoesnotmeettherequirementsofacceptanceasspecifiedinthelaw,thecourtshallwithinsevendaysnotifytheplaintiffthatthecomplainthasbeenrejectedandprovidedueexplanation.长句结构长句结构就是“一句话”结构，即立法者试图将某一问题的相关信息全部安置于一个完整的句子之内，避免几个分散句子可能引起的歧义。长句结构追溯到古罗马、希腊时期，当时没有标点而导致了“一句话”结构在法律文献中的使用，甚至仅用一个长句表述某一部法规的整个内容。“一句话”=IfP1+P2,thenQcase:whereanyQuakerrefusestopayanychurchrates;condition:ifanychurchwardencomplainsthereof;subject:oneofthenextjusticesofthepeace;action:maysummonsuchQuakerfactsituation:whereachurchwardenfilesacomplaintagainstaQuakerforrefusingtopayanchurchrates,statementoflaw:oneofthenextJusticesofthepeacemaysummonsuchQuaker.Fact-situationwhereachurchwardenfilesacomplaintagainstaQuakerforrefusingtopayanychurchratesStatementoflawoneofthenextJusticesofthepeacemaysummonsuchQuakerIf条件句IfX,thenYshalldoZIfX,thenYshallbeZ“IfX”代表法律制度适用的情况(case)，“Y”代表法律主体(legalsubject)，“Z”代表法律行为(legalaction).第一百四十一条（一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人;…Article141(1)Ifthetargetedmatterneedstobetransported,thesellershallconsignthetargetedmattertothefirstcarrierofitsdeliverytothebuyer;…第十七条要约可以撤回，撤回要约的应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。1.Ifanofferisrecalled,thenoticeofrecallshouldarrivebeforetheoffereereceivestheofferoratthesametimeatthearrivaloftheoffer.2.Theoffermaybewithdrawn,if,beforeoratthesametimewhenanofferarrives,thewithdrawalnoticereachestheofferee.and和or的使用IfXdoesA,BandC,XshallbeliabletopunishmentIfXdoesA,B,orC,Xshallbeliabletopunishment第十三条合营企业如发生严重亏损、乙方不履行合同和章程规定的义务、不可抗力等，经合营各方协调同意，报请审查批准机关批准，并向国家工商行政管理部门登记，可终止合同。Article13Incaseofheavylosses，failureofapartytoperformitsobligationsunderthecontractandthearticlesofassociation,orforcemajeureetc.,thepartiestothejointventuremayterminatethecontractthroughtheirconsultationandagreement,subjecttoapprovalbytheexaminationandapprovalauthoritiesandtoregestrationwiththestate’scompetentdepartmentinchargeofindustryandcommerceadministration.修饰限定成分正确地放置修饰限定成分可以使法律条款产生准确、清晰、全面、易懂的表达效果。Whereasecuretenantservesonthelandlordanoticeinwritingclaimingtoexercisehisrighttobuythedwelling-house(1),andifthelandlordrefusestoadmitthetenant’srighttobuythedwelling-house(2),then,subjecttothefollowingprovisionsofthisSection(3),theSecretaryofStateifhethinksproper(4),maybymeansofawrittennotification(5)makespecialregulationsinpursuanceofhispowersunderSection15ofthisAct(6)forthepurposeofenablingthetenanttoexercisehisrighttobuythedwelling-house(7)(notwithstandinganythingcontainedinsection54oftheLandRegistrationAct1925)(8)withinaperiodofsixmonthsfromthedateofsucharefusal(9),providedthatthedwelling-house,ofanypartofit,isnotbeingusedforcharitablepurposes(10)withinthemeaningofthe‘CharitablePurposeAct1954’(11).第四十八条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后而以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。1.Article48Acontractconcludedbyanactorwhohasnopowerofagency,whooverstepsthepowerofagency,orwhosepowerofagencyhasexpiredandyetconcludesitonbehalfoftheprincipal,shallhavenolegallybindingforceontheprincipalwithoutratificationbytheprincipal,andtheactorshallbeheldliable.×2.Article48Acontractinthenameofaprincipalandwithoutratificationbytheprincipal,andyetactuallyconcludedbyanactorwhohasnorightofagencyoroverstepstherightofagency,orwhoserighttoagencyhasexpired,shallhavenobindingforceontheprincipal;andtheactorshallbeheldliabletherefore.√国俗语义国俗语义是指在词汇的概念意义上添加使用该语言的国家的历史、文化及风俗色彩的语义。bar:“法庭”、“被告席”、“审判台”、“律师”debar,disbar,disbarment:“取消律师资格”barexamination:“律师资格考试”bartodivorce:“离婚法院”pleainbar:“诉讼抗辩”prisoneratthebar:“正在法庭受审的罪犯”trialatbar:“会审”bench:“法官席位”、”法庭”、”裁判庭”Upperbench:“英国12世纪的高等法院”thefullbench：“全席法庭”BenchWarrant：“法官签发的拘捕令”Queen’sBench：“英国高等法院的女王座分院”King’sBench：“英国高等法院的王座分院”civilcourt:acourtofordinaryjurisdictioninCanadaandincludesacourtofsummaryjurisdiction.“一般刑事法院”civilprisoner:prisonerwho