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Lecture26PrepositionsandPrepositionalPhrases•介词还可以叫做什么词•前置词。所以英语为preposition,因为必须置于名词、代词或从句的前面。Whatareprepositions?Howaretheyused?•Prepositionsarewordsthatareusedbeforeanounoranounphrasetoshowtime,place,movement,etc.•Aprepositioncanalsobeusedbeforeaverbinthe–ingform.e.g.…itisusefulforkeepingourhouseclean.2009-9介词就其构成来说分为：◆2.1简单介词SimplePreposition◆2.2合成介词CompoundPreposition◆2.3二重介词DoublePreposition◆2.4短语介词PhrasalPreposition2.介词的分类2.1简单介词简单介词指由一个单词构成的介词。常用的简单介词有：at,about,above,across,after,among,against,before,behind,below,beside,between,beyond,but,despite,during,except,for,in,of,on,over,near,past,round,since,through,till,until,with,up等。2009-92.3二重介词二重介词指由两个单一的介词并列，作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有：fromamong，frombehind，fromunder，until/tillafter等。2009-92.4短语介词短语介词指由介词＋介词、介词＋名词、介词＋分词、介词＋动词、介词＋形容词、介词＋副词等构成的短语。常用的有：accordingto，alongwith，infrontof，bymeansof，inspiteof，togetherwith，withregardto等。2009-9“短语介词”与“介词短语”的区别是什么？介词短语是由介词加宾语构成，本身可作句子成分，如作定语、状语等，可单独使用。介词+名词（或者代词）＝介词短语inthemorning在早晨underthetree在树下fromChina来自中国而短语介词是用作介词的短语，不可独立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。2.表示时间的介词：at,on,in，after,for,since,by,till,until,during表示地点、位置的介词：in,at,round,around,beyond,on,beneath,over,under,above,below,up,down,before,behind,between,among表示方向、方位的介词：to,in,for,at表示空间运动的介词：along,across,through,over,up,down,from,to,into,outof介词表示工具、方法和手段的介词：with,by,in,through,on表示原因的介词：becauseof,owingto,dueto(一般不位于句首)，onaccountof,at,for,from,with,of，withoutbesides,except,exceptfor,but,apartfrom表示让步的介词：inspiteof,despite,afterall,forall,withall介词2009-93.介词短语的句法功能四.作状语1.作地点状语WeliveinHangzhou.2.作时间状语Shegothereatfour.3.作方式状语Theycameherebytrain.2009-93.介词短语的句法功能4.作原因状语Thegamewaspostponedbecauseofrain.5.作条件状语Therewillbenolivingthingswithoutwater.6.作目的状语Heranforshelter.2009-93.介词短语的句法功能7.作让步状语Theyplayfootballinspiteoftherain.8.作程度状语Towhatextentwouldyoutrustthem?（1）介词与形容词的搭配有些形容词要求与一定的介词搭配。例如：Isthatcountryrichinminerals?Heisintenton（一心想）winning.I’mindifferenttoheatandcold.但不少形容词之后可跟不同的介词，表示不同的意义。例如：Roseisalivetothefeelingofshame.（敏感）Thecatisalivewithlice.（充满）Themanisblindofaneye.（瞎）Jackwasblindtohisownfault.（不察觉）也有不少形容词之后可跟不同的介词，而形容词的意义不变，只是其后的介词词组的搭配不同。比较：Joewasverydisappointedatnotfindingherathome.disappointedat之后的介词补足成分通常指事。Hisparentswillbedisappointedwithherifshefailstheexam.disappointedwith之后的介词补足成分通常指人。（2）介词与动词的搭配a）动词+介词Ishallprevailon（说服）himtomaketheattempt.Hefellinto（养成）thehabitofnotattendingtootherpeople’sadvice.Yourcorrespondentshaveonlytouchedupon（涉及）thefringeofthemanner.b）动词+宾语+介词Theyexcludedhimfromtheclub.Theytookmeintotheirconfidence.（他们信任我。）Thesementookmefor（误认为）aswindler.上述搭配中的宾语可按语义意图加以改变。但在词组动词结构中的名词不能随意改变。例如：Theoldwidowalwaystakespityon（怜悯）somestraycatordog.Youshouldtakeadvantageof（利用）theopportunity,foritmaynotoccuragain.c）动词+副词小品词+介词Idon’twishtobreakinon（打断）yourthoughts.Thefamilycameupagainst（碰到）freshproblems.Youarenottellingmethewholestory.Youareholdingouton（对……保密）me.Shegotoffwith（结识）himsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.Weshouldn’tputtheshortagedownto（把……归因于）badplanning.d）动词+宾语+副词小品词+介词Youshouldn’ttakeyourresentmentouton（怨恨……）me.Youmustwatchthatguy,orhe’llputsomethingoveron（捉弄）youbeforeyouknowit.（3）介词与名词的搭配a）某些名词之后要求用某些介词。例如：Thereseemstobeasolutiontothisproblem.Haveyouanyfaithinherbmedicine?Isthereanyneedforallthishurry?b）某些名词之前要求用某些介词。例如：Wediditatyourrequest.Inallprobability,themailwillarrivetomorrow.Exercise14.1Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesgivenismostsuitabletocompletethesentence:1.Jerryisverygenerous_______(at,in,on,with)hismoney.2.Pleasedon’tgetmad_______(on,to,at,against)me.3.Shewasveryquick_______(about,at,on,at)bringingthedinner..4.Hissecretwassafe_______(from,on,with,in)them.5.Theweatherisfavorable_______(to,in,on,for)football.withatatwithfor6.Mydaughterwasverysensible_______(to,with,about,from)hermother.7.Sheissick_______(in,for,on,with)flu.8.Ibelievetheyarerelated_______(on,by,with,at)marriage.9.Lauraisveryenthusiastic_______(on,to,about,of)hernewjob.10.Sheadmittedhim_______(into,to,in,at)herplans.11.Heaskedtheoperatornottotroubleherself_______(on,about,in,at)lookingupthenumber.12.Wehaveassignedyou_______(with,for,to,on)aparticulartask.ofwithbyabouttoaboutto（1）双词介词双词介词（Two-wordPreposition）指由两个单词构成的复杂介词：aheadof（在……之前）alongwith（与……一起）apartfrom（除……以外）asfor（至于）asto（至于）butfor（要不是）dueto（由于）exceptfor（除了）insteadof（而不是）irrespectiveto（不顾）outof（从里面出来，由于）owingto（由于，因为）priorto（在……之前）regardlessof（不顾，不惜）savefor（除了）togetherwith（与……一起）upto（一直到，忙于……）whatwith（由于）例句：Thebigauditoriumwasoddlysilentexceptforafewscatteredgiggles.（除了偶尔发出一点笑声）Whydon’tyoustayhomeandwatchTVinsteadofgoingtothecinema?Sheboughtwhatevercaughthereyeregardlessoftheprice.（不管价格高低）Hesenthersomebooks,togetherwithadictionary.（外加一本字典）Itisagoodbooksavesforthelastchapter.（除了最后一章）（2）三词介词bymeansof（利用）byreasonof（由于）bywayof（经由，作为）forfearof（以免）forlackof（因缺少）in/onbehalfof（代表……）incaseof（如果发生）incomparisonwith（与……相比）incontrastto/with（与……不同）inconsequenceof（由于）inexcessof（超过）inplaceof（代替）inreturnof（对……的回报）intermsof（从……方面）inviewof（鉴于）onaccountof（由于）undercoverof（在……掩护下）with/withoutregardto（关于，至于）withre