信阳师范学院华锐学院本科毕业论文专业土木工程年级2008级土木工程2班姓名蔡金洲论文题目桩基础施工技术研究指导教师职称2012年5月10日学号:20087091102目录摘要·····················································1矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。关键词·····················································1聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。Abstract···················································1残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。KeyWords·················································1酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。前言·······················································1彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。1桩基础施工技术的现状······································21.1桩基设计中静载荷试验的重要性·······························21.2桩基设计中桩型、桩长设计的重要性····························31.3关于桩偏差的控制和处理····································4謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。2桩基础施工的测量技术要求·································52.1建筑物轴线测设的主要技术要求·······························52.2对高程测量的技术要求······································5厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。3广州市电视台新址工程的施工示范···························53.1工程的概况··············································5茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。3.2施工部署阶段············································6鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。3.3施工的要点··············································64柱基础施工准备工作·······································6籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。4.1施工现场勘察············································7預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。4.2施工技术准备············································7渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。4.3施工机械准备············································7铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。4.4施工现场准备············································8擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。4.5施工放线················································8贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。5桩基础的施工·············································9坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。5.1对于混凝土灌注桩·········································9蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。5.2对于预制桩·············································10買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。6施工中特殊情况处理·······································10綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。6.1桩基达到其极限承载力而无法压至设计标高·····················106.2桩基施工时压桩力远低于设计承载力··························116.3桩基静载荷试验不合格····································11驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。6.4管桩裂缝处理···········································12猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。7桩基础施工技术发展趋向···································127.1桩的尺寸向短、小方向发展··································12锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。7.2桩的尺寸向长、大方向发展··································12構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。7.3向低公害工法桩方向发展········································13輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。7.4向异型桩方向发展········································13尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。8结语·····················································13识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。参考文献·················································14凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。桩基础施工技术研究学生姓名:蔡金洲学号:20087091102土木工程系土木工程专业指导教师:职称:摘要:随着建筑业管理体质改革的深化,工程项目桩基础施工管理越来越受到人们的重视,其管理水平的高低成为制约企业生存发展的关键因素。本文结合工作实践,对高层建筑桩基础工程的施工准备与施工技术进行了论述,以总结施工经验,在以后的工作中提高基础工程施工质量。恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。关键词:桩基础;灌注桩;预制桩;施工Abstract:Withthedeepeningofthereformoftheconstructionindustrymanagementsystem,projectpilefoundationconstructionmanagementhasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattention,themanagementlevelhasbecomeakeyfactorinthesurvivalanddevelopmentofenterprises.BasedonpracticeOfahigh-risebuildingpilefoundationengineeringconstructionpreparationandconstructiontechnologyarediscussedinthispaper,tosummarizestheconstructionexperience,inthelaterworktoimprovethequalityofprojectconstruction.鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。KeyWords:Pilefoundation;piles;Precastpiles;construction硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹。前言高层建筑多采用柱基础,筏式基础、箱形基础或桩与箱形基础的复合基础。其中桩基础是应用最广的一种基础形式,一般有三种类型:现浇混凝土灌注桩、混凝土预制桩以及钢桩。灌注桩由于桩承载力大,适应范围广,对换进影响小,因此应用日益广泛。混凝土预制桩一般具有震动、噪声大和挤土效应等缺点,使用量正在逐渐减少。钢桩一般造价较高。只能在特殊情况下使用。下面主要介绍桩基础工程的前期准备和施工技术。阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖。各国政府相继投资于基础设施建设,诸如高速铁路、高速公路、高层建筑、特大桥等项目,而这些建筑物的建设桩和深基础作支撑。这就导致了几年来桩的用量急速上升。中国的用桩数量已达世界第一,桩和深基础的设施施工技术、桩工机械及桩基测试和检测技术均获得空前的蓬勃发展。因此,如何选择合理的桩基础形式,对于保证安全,节约投资、降低造价起着举足轻重的作用。这就要求我们设计人员对每个建筑物的勘察报告进行仔细分析,选择一个最优化的基础方案。现就以下几方面对桩基础设计中值得注意的问题进行探讨。氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩。1桩基础施工技术的现状按照施工的方法划分,桩可以分为非挤土桩、部分挤土桩和挤土桩三大类,如细分,桩的施工方法可以超过300种。以泥浆护壁法钻孔扩底灌注桩的成孔方法为例,则有40种以上,扩底方式可以分为反循环扩底、正循环扩底和钻斗钻扩底等。钻斗钻扩底方式又分为水平推出、滑降及下开和水平推出的并用等方式;反循环扩底方式又分为扩刀上开、扩刀下开、扩刀滑降及扩刀推出等方式。以埋入式桩为例,桩的施工方法细分可以超过80种类型。在施工中通常将桩端注入压缩空气和水,促进钻进的同时也使桩沉顺利。为使桩获得更大的承载力,桩埋入孔中后可分别采用量终打击方式、桩端加固方式或扩大头加固方式。而所谓的中掘施工法桩是将小于桩径30~40mm的长螺旋钻、或钻杆端部装有搅拌翼片的螺旋钻及钻斗钻等插入桩的中空部,在钻头附近的地层连续钻进,使土沿中空部上升,为了使桩获得更大的承载力,可采用预制桩种类等。釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘。1.1桩基设计中静载荷试验的重要性目前的桩基础设计过程,往往受到时间的约束首先根据地质报告提供的参数确定单桩承载力设计值,根据这个估算的单桩承载力直接进行桩基础设计并施工,等工程桩施工结束后再挑选试桩进行静载荷试验。这个过程具有相当的不科学性,结果符合估算要求,则皆大欢喜,否则因工程已施工完毕补桩也会很困难,且有时因地质报告有出入会给施工中带来相当的不便。这里主要有两个问题,下面举例来说明。一是根据地质报告提供的桩周土摩擦力标准值及桩端土承载力标准值由规范JGJ94-94计算的场区单桩承载力标准值,这是一个经验数值,不宜直接采用。近几年来笔者通过各类桩基础中试桩及工程桩的检测,发现绝大多数桩的实际承载力均大于计算值,有些相差幅度较大,因此按试桩获得的实际承载力将会比按勘察报告估算的承载力来布置基础将产生巨大的经济效益。例如,笔者曾设计过苏州工业园区南都·玲珑湾花园住宅,主体为地下一层、地面十八层的高层住宅,根据地质勘察报告拟采用D500的预应力管桩,桩长20m,按JGJ94-94公式5.2.8估算单桩承载力设计值约为1400kN,而我要求进行的3根破坏性试桩显示实际单桩承载力可达1850kN,整整比估算值提高了30%左右,实际工程桩设计就采用试验值进行,为甲方大大节省了投资。其二是当场地不均匀或地质报告数值有偏差的情况下,不进行试桩而直接按地质报告进行工程桩施工将给施工带来巨大的困难且造成不必要的浪费。例如唯亭某五层商住楼,根据地质报告采用10m长的预制方桩,桩径400x400,单桩承载力极限标准值约为1350kN,采用静力压桩,实际施工中几乎每根桩都压至2000kN而未达到预定深度,而此时已达到预制桩的桩身强度,故施工过程中每根桩都采用了劈桩,在时间金钱上都造成了巨大的浪费。经过静载荷试验未达设计标高的工程桩均达到了设计承载力,也就是说设计上如先进行试桩则至少可减短1.5m左右的桩长,桩承载力不减小且不需要劈桩。由上可见,桩基础设计过程中静载荷试验是一个十分重要的环节。因为次项工作质量直接影响到桩基形式、桩规格和桩入土深度的确定,同时也对施工难易有密切影响。通过科学试验,取得准确数据,能使设计方案更加合理、可行和经济,远远超过缩短工期所获得的效益。怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉。1.2桩基设计中桩型、桩长设计的重要性桩基础设计中对桩型及桩长的合理选择均会对基础设计产生重大的影响,合理的桩型、桩长选择将产生巨大的经济效益。笔者在“昆山华地”住宅设计中,开始由于考虑时间原因(有现成的D400预应力管桩),甲方要求采用D400的预应力管桩,根据地