英国文学简史-常耀信-Chapters-3-4

EnglishLiteratureChapters3—4KeyPointsinChapter3TheElizabethanAge:ABriefIntroduction•QueenElizabethI•Threesub-periodsEdmundSpenser•Introduction•TheShepheardesCalendar•TheFaerieQueen•SpenserianStanzaPhilipSidneyEnglishDrama:ASketchyAccount•Fivephasesofdrama•FirstEnglishcomedyandtragedyChristopherMarlowe•Introduction•WorksTheElizabethanAge(1558-1625)QueenElizabethIShewasshrewdandtactfultoafault.Sheencouragedlearningandadventuresandwasagreatpatronofliterature.Englandslowlybutsteadilycrawledtothezenithofwealthandpowerduringherreign.TheElizabethanagewasoneinwhichRenaissancetransformedChaucer’smedievalEnglandintoShakespeare’smodernone.TheElizabethanAge(1558-1625)Threesub-periods1557-1579:beginningwiththeprintingofTottel’sMiscellanyandconcludingwiththepublicationofEdmundSpencer’sTheShepheardesCalendar1580-1599,theyearofSpencer’sdeath:Spencer,Sidney,“UniversityWits”,Shakespeare,Bacon1599-1625:ShakespeareEdmundSpenser(1552-1599)IntroductionEducatedatCambridgeandservedundersomemenofprominenceBuriednearChaucerinthePoet’sCornerofWestminsterAbbeyMajorworks:TheShepheardesCalendar,TheFaerieQueen,ColinCloutsComeHomeAgaine,Epithalamium(祝婚诗),Amoretti(爱情小唱)Thegreatestnon-dramaticpoetoftheperiodEdmundSpenser(1552-1599)TheShepheardesCalendarItconsistsof12pastoraleclogues(牧歌，田园诗)Theclassicaleclogueisaformofpastoralpoetrywhichgenerallydepicts,oftenintheformofdialoguesbetweenshepherdsorofsoliloquies,theeverydaylifeofcountrypeople,theirfeelingsandattitudes,andtheirsimplelifeofharmonywithnature.Itoftenservesasameansofmakingcriticalcommentsuponcontemporarylife.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)TheFaerieQueenItisagrandepicpoemFusingadroitlythestrandsoflegend,fable,andpraiseofElizabethI’sEnglandinitself,itsambtiousplanwastoinclude12booksof12cantoseach,featuringoneknightinonecantoastheembodimentofoneofthe12Aristotelianvirtuesandtheknight’senemyasthatofoneofthe12vices.Thepoemwasintendedtobeapaeanofthe“glorious”reignofQueenElizabethinthepersonoftheFaerieQueenGloriana.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)SpenserianStanzaItisanine-linestanzaof8linesiniambicpentameterplusaniambichexameter.Therhymeschemeisababbcbcc.Spenserianstanzahacontinuedtobeapopularstanzaicformfordreamyandmeditativeworks.PhilipSidney(1554-1586)EducatedatOxfordandwaswidelyread.AgoodnumberofhispoemsappearinArcadia.AstrophelandStellacontainshisbestpoeticcompositionsof108sonnetsand11songs.Asasonnetsequence,thiswasprobablythefirstofitskindevertoappearinEnglishliteraryhistory.ApologieforpoetriedefendsthenoblenatureofpoetryanditsmoralvalueagainstPuritancriticismandelevatespoetryasthesupremeformofartthathelpsenrichandmakenature.EnglishDrama:ASketchyAccountFivephasesofdramaThemysteriesThemiraclesThemoralityTheinterludeThetruedramaEnglishDrama:ASketchyAccountFirstEnglishcomedyandtragedyGammerGurton’sNeedle(1553/1575)Gorboduc(1561)ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)IntroductionThemostpreeminentfigureamongtheUniversityWits,thegreatestplaywrightbeforetheriseofShakespeareFamousforhis“mightyline”TheonlydramatistofthetimewhoevertouchedShakespeareinpowerandbeautyChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)WorksTamburlainetheGreatJewofMaltaTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusHeroandLeanderThePassionateShepherdKeyPointsinChapter4Shakespeare•Introduction•Works•Drama:periodI•Drama:periodII•Drama:periodIIIBacon•Introduction•WorksJonson•Introduction•WorksKingJamesBibleWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)IntroductionThemostpopularandmostwidelyrespectedwriterinallEnglishliteratureBornonApril26,1564inStratfordonAvon;diedonApril23,1616andburiedatStratfordHeexcelledintheliteraryfieldsofpoetryanddramaWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)Works4poems:VenusandAdonis,TheRapeoftheLucrece,TheLover’sComplaint,ThepassionatePilgrimSonnets,154intotal,areinessencetheRenaissancepaeanofman,hisspirit,andhisvaluesPlays,37innumberJohnShakespeare'shouse,believedtobeShakespeare'sbirthplace,inStratford-upon-Avon.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)Drama:periodIBefore1600:historiesandcomediesTheworksofthefirstperiodaregenerallyhappyandcheerfulHenryIV,Love’sLabor’sLost,RichardIII,RomeoandJuliet,AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,TheMerryWivesofWindsor,AsYouLikeItWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)Drama:periodII1600-1608:“tragicperiod”Anoteoffrustrationsetsinintheworksofthisperiod,allhismajortragedieswerewrittenwithinthespaceofafewyearsJuliusCaesar,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatra,TimonofAthens,All’sWellThatEndsWell,MeasureforMeasureWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)Drama:periodIII1608-1612:theperiodofromancesorserenityCymbeline,Winter’sTale,TheTempestAStatueofWilliamShakespeareinLincolnPark,Chicago.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)IntroductionHiswritingsarerememberedfortwothings:hiscontributiontomodernempiricalscienceofwhichhehasbeenregardedasaprogenitor,andhisachievementintheartofprosewriting.Hisinductivemethodofreasoningandlearningprovedtobeseminalandcriticallyimportanttothedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtheprogressofhumankind.HisthoughtsystemrepresentedthebeginningsofmaterialisminEnglishphilosophy.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)