英国文学简史-常耀信-Chapters-9-10

EnglishLiteratureChapters9-10KeyPointsinChapter9TheRomanticPeriodTimeRangeoftheRomanticPeriodSocialandPoliticalHistoryofEuropeSocialandPoliticalHistoryofBritainFeaturesofRomanticEraMajorWritersWilliamWordsworthIntroductionAestheticTheoriesWorksSamuelTaylorColeridgeIntroductionAestheticTheoriesWorksWalterScottIntroductionWorksJaneAustenIntroductionWorksTheRomanticPeriodTimeRangeoftheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticMovementwasinternationalinthe19thcentury.AmericanRomanticismcamesome30yearslaterthanitsEuropeancounterpart.TheRomanticPeriodSocialandPoliticalHistoryofEuropeAfewyearsbeforetheadventoftheRomanticperiod,theUnitedStatesbrokeawayfromBritainandwasformedonthebasisofthenaturalrightsofmen:“Allmenarecreatedequal,”anoutcrythatcaughtonandbegantoringallovertheworld.In1789theFrenchRevolutionexplodedontheothersideoftheEnglishChannel.TheRomanticPeriodSocialandPoliticalHistoryofBritainThetworevolutionshadatremendousimpactonthesituationinBritain.TheBritishgovernmentbecamemoreconservativeandrepressive.Therewerepoliticalupheavals,andtheideaofrevolutionwereupintheair.Anintenselaborwarfarehaddevelopedinthecountry.TheBritishEmpireplunderedandbroughttremendouswealthintothecountry.Allthisenrichedonlythestillexistingaristocracyandtherisingmiddleclass;theworkingclassbecameworseoffwithnoprotectionandnopowerwhatever.Theforcesworkingforchangeweregathering.Theworkersbegantocometogether,andthinkandactingroupterms.TheRomanticPeriodFeaturesofRomanticEraTheemphasisontheindividualbecameadominantfeatureoftheera.TheEnglishRomanticperiodhasbeenconsideredthesecondgreatperiodinEnglishliterature,secondonlytotheElizabethanperiod.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)IntroductionWilliamWordsworthwasamajorEnglishRomanticpoetwho,withSamuelTaylorColeridge,helpedtolaunchtheRomanticAgeinEnglishliteraturewiththe1798jointpublicationLyricalBallads.WordsworthwasBritain'sPoetLaureatefrom1843untilhisdeathin1850.HwwasconsideredbytheyoungerRomanticwritersas“thelostleader.”Hewasnotadeepthinker.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)AestheticTheoriesPoeticlanguagemustbeaselectionofthelanguagereallyusedbythepeople.Poetrycomesfromemotion,notfromreason;itdealswithfeelings,attitudes,emotions—“theheart,”notunderstanding,notcommonsense.Poetryis“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulemotion”“recollectedintranquility”bymenofdeepfeelingandmuchthought.Thesubjectshouldcomefromthe“incidentsandsituationsfromcommonlife.”Thepoetshouldunderstandlifebetterthanotherpeopledo,heseesthepoetasa“seer”ofakindaswell.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)WorksLyricalBalladsItsignaledthebeginningoftheRomanticperiodinEnglishpoetry.LinescomposedaFewMilesAbovetheTinternAbbeyOde:IntimationsofImmortalityThePreludeSamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)IntroductionColeridgewasararegeniusinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Notonlywasheagreatpoet,buthewasalsoaphilosopherandseminalcritic.HeblazedthenewtrailtogetherwithWordsworthandhelpedusherintheRomanticendeavor.HeanticipatedFreudbywelloverhalfacenturyindrawingattentiontotheimportanceofsubconscious.HespokeevenwellaheadofmoderncriticismconcerningtheconceptofDionysusastheemblemoftheunconsciousinmodernpoetry.Theexistentialisminhisworkswasaheadofhistime.Sartre’sphilosophyofexistentialismcameintobeingonlyinthe1940s.SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)AestheticTheoriesIInordertowriteaperfectpoem,thepoethastobeaDionysian,andhastogodowntohell,whichisanotherwayofsaying“dippingintothesubconscious.”Natureisalivebecausehumanmindseesitthatwayorendowsitwithlife.Theimaginationisashapingforce.Thusiftheworldisfaithless,loveless,andjoyless,itisthejobofthepoeticimaginationtocrateallthosethingsthatmakelifetolerable.ThisisColeridge’snotionofthefunctionofthepoetandpoetry.SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)AestheticTheoriesIIHebelievesintheexistenceofthesupernaturalandaninvisiblehigherplaneoflife.Heisnotedasaseminalinfluenceinhisnotionthataliteraryworkcanhavemorethanonelevelofmeaningandthatitisimportanttoreadthetextofaworkcarefully.HewaslookeduptoasanauthorityfortheNewCritics.HisBiographiaLiterariawasreprintedandexercisedafar-reachinginfluenceontheliterarycriticismofthetimeandalongtimeafterward.SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)Works“KublaKhan”（忽必烈汗）“Dejection:anOde”（赋悲叹）“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”（老水手之歌）BiographiaLiteraria（文学传记）WalterScott(1771-1832)IntroductionScottwastheonespectacularliterarygeniusinEnglishliteraryhistorywhowasengagedintwodepartmentsofliteratureandachievedgreatsuccessinboth.Intheearlyphaseofhiscareer,hewrotepoetryandbecamethemostwidelyreadpoetofhisday.TheninthelasttwodecadesheturnedhisattentiontonovelwritingandfatheredinthehistoricalnovelproperinEnglandandEurope.Hewasinstrumentalinbringingintheinfluenceoffolkloreinpoeticcomposition.His20-oddfictionsmarkedtheadventofthegenreofhehistoricalnovel.WalterScott(1771-1832)WorksTheMinstrelsyoftheScottishBoarderTheDayoftheLastMinstrelsyIvanhoe(艾凡赫；劫后英雄传)TheWoodstockTheTalismanCountRobertofParisQuentinDurward“Waverley”novels(威弗利)JaneAusten(1775-1817)IntroductionShewrotehernovelsforherownfamil