规范语言学与描述语言学

DescriptiveLinguisticsandPrescriptiveLinguistics规定语言学和描述语言学•Definition•History•PrescriptiveGrammarVSDescriptiveGrammar•Examples•Webster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryPrescriptivelinguistics规定语言学---anaccountofhowalanguageshouldbeusedinsteadofhowitisactuallyused.Itistheactoftakingtheofficialmodelsofalanguage,andtreatingthemassacred['seikrid]perfectrepresentationsofthelanguage,andenforcingthemonpeople.Forexample,correctingsomeonewhousestheword“ain’t”(amnot/arenot),evenifit’susedinanappropriatelycasualway.Descriptivelinguistics描述语言学---theworkofanalyzinganddescribinghowlanguageisactuallyspokennow(orhowitwasactuallyspokeninthepast),byanygroupofpeople.history1Prescriptivelinguisticsschool2DescriptivelinguisticsschoolPrescriptivelinguisticsschool规定语言学派ThehistoryoflinguisticscantracebacktotheancientGreecein5thcenturyBC.Atthattime,prescriptivelinguisticsmainlydependedontheearlyLatinorGreekgrammar.Ittreatedthelinguisticasalawtorulepeoplehowtouselanguage.Untilthe18thcentury,theprescriptivelinguisticswasstillthemainstream.Descriptivelinguisticsschool描述语言学派1911192419331950Oneperson:Boas(鲍阿斯)Onebook:HandbookofAmericanIndianlanguage《美洲印第安语手册》Theforewordtothebook:ThesymbolofthestartofthedescriptivelinguisticsschoolOneorganization:LinguisticSocietyofAmerica美国语言学学会Twopeople:Boas（鲍阿斯（1858-1942）Sapir(萨丕尔)（1884-1939）Onebook:Language(语言论)Oneperson:Bloomfield[‘blu:mfi:ld]布龙菲尔德Influence:ThesymboloftheformalbirthofthedescriptivelinguisticsschoolDescriptivelinguisticsschoolbecamemature•Prescriptivegrammar•Descriptivegrammar•Prescriptivegrammariansprefergivingpracticaladviceaboutusinglanguage:straightforwardrulestohelpusavoidmakingerrors.Aprescriptivegrammarianbelievesthatcertainformsusedarecorrectandthatothers,eventhoughtheymaybeusedbynativespeakers,areincorrect.•Prescriptivegrammarianslayoutr___aboutwhatthey_b_______tobethe“_c_______”or“_i________”useoflanguage.ulesorrectncorrectelieve•Descriptivegrammariansgenerallyadviseusnottobeoverlyconcernedwithmattersofcorrectness:language,theysay,isn'tgoodorbad;itsimplyis.Asthehistoryoftheglamorouswordgrammardemonstrates,theEnglishlanguageisalivingsystemofcommunication,acontinuallyevolvingaffair.Withinagenerationortwo,wordsandphrasescomeintofashionandfalloutagain.Overcenturies,wordendingsandentiresentencestructurescanchangeordisappear.•Descriptivistslookatthewaypeoplespeakandthentrytocreaterulesthataccountforthelanguageusage,acceptingalternativeformsthatareusedregionallyandalsobeingopentoformsusedinspeechthattraditionalgrammarswoulddescribeaserrors.Manyprescriptivistsfeelthatmodernlinguistics,isresponsibleforadeclineinthestandardoflanguage.•Descriptivegrammariansstudyther_____orpatternsthatu_____ouru____ofwords,phrases,clauses,andsentences.ulesnderliebeorformthebaseforUnderlie:se•Prescriptivegrammar:thestructureofalanguageascertainpeoplethinkitshouldbeused.•Descriptivegrammar:thestructureofalanguageasitisactuallyusedbyspeakersandwriters.•Thoughcertainlydifferentintheirapproachestolanguage,bothkindsofgrammar--descriptiveandprescriptive--areusefultostudentsandveryimportantinEnglishstudies.•1.ThisisthehouseIwasbornin．•2.I'dliketoknowwhatyouhavebeenupto．Neverendasentencewithapreposition.•1.ThisisthehouseIwasbornin．•ThisisthehouseinwhichIwasborn．•2.I'dliketoknowwhatyouhavebeenupto．•I'dliketoknowuptowhatyouhavebeen．A.ItisI.B.Itisme.A.Whodidyouspeakto?B.Whomdidyouspeakto?•Prescriptiviststakecorrectandincorrectrulesastheabsolutestandard.•Prescriptivegrammarisasubjectiveone-sidedprescription.•Webster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryiscalledadescriptivedictionary,whichdescribesthewaywordsactuallyarebeingusedinconversationsandwritings.PhilipGrove,theeditorofthenewdictionary,isarepresentativedescriptivist.Althoughmanypeopleagainstthisdictionaryforitsallegedpermissiveness,it’sactuallytheundisputedbest.