消化道早癌的诊断3

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消化道早癌的内镜诊断谭庆华四川大学华西医院概述诊断治疗发现早癌的内镜诊断技术白光内镜检查。染色内镜检查。白光放大(ME)。染色+放大。ME+NBI(magnifiedendoscopy)。活检超声内镜。共聚焦显微内镜。自体荧光内镜光学相干断层成像术细胞内镜蓝激光成像白光内镜发现早癌的前提理想的消化内镜术前检查的准备:清理视野,抵制蠕动。严格的质量控制。时刻准备发现早癌的警觉性。特殊、小病变,可借助特殊内镜诊断方法。活检。一、染色内镜最常用的染料:碘染色:食管黏膜染色。0.1-0.4%靛胭脂:对比性染料,常用于腺瘤。0.1-0.2%美蓝(亚甲蓝):吸收性,常用于腺瘤。0.05%结晶紫(龙胆紫):吸收性,常用于侵袭性病变染色。在病变表面滴数滳,然后再用温水冲洗。最好用链霉蛋白酶。表1消化内镜下常用染料染料类型被染对象染色原理阳性颜色临床应用Lugol’s碘液(碘+碘化钾)磷状上皮内的糖原非角化上皮结合碘深棕色a)正常食管磷状上皮着色。b)食管磷状细胞癌黏膜、Barrett食管黏膜、柱状上皮和食管炎黏膜均不着色。亚甲蓝肠道上皮细胞,肠化上皮细胞吸收入上皮细胞内蓝色a)食管和胃的肠化上皮、早期胃癌上皮和正常肠道上皮着色。b)十二指肠内化生的胃上皮不着色。甲苯胺蓝胃或肠内的柱状上皮细胞胞核差色自由扩散入细胞蓝色食管磷状细胞癌上皮和Barret’s食管中的化生上皮着色刚果红胃内泌酸细胞当pH3.0时变色变为深蓝或黑色a)泌酸的胃上皮变色,包括异位胃黏膜上皮。b)胃癌上皮细胞不变色。酚红感染HP的胃上皮细胞由于HP周边有“氨云”,局部呈碱性而便酚红变色由黄变红诊断胃内HP的感染及其分布情况。靛胭脂细胞不着色沉积于上皮表面的低凹处,勾勒出病变形态。蓝色全消化道黏膜均可使用。ConventionalwhitelightimagingIndigocarminechromoendoscopyIndigocarmineIndigocarmine结晶紫:结构消失,侵及黏膜下层。白光内镜:7mm扁平息肉样隆起靛胭脂:中央凹陷二、特殊光谱及放大内镜C-WLI:20-40倍ME:80-170倍Magnifyingendoscopy(ME)NarrowbandimagingEP,epithelium;LPM,laminapropriamucosae;MM,muscularismucosae;SM,submucosa;PM,propermuscle;M1,cancerislimitedepithelium;M2,cancerinvadesLPMbutdoesnotreachMM;M3,cancerinvasionreachesMM;SM,submucosallyinvasivecancerNBIimagingofalesionofIPCLtypeIII.NBIimagingofalesionofIPCLtypeIVregionalatrophicmucosaorlowgradeintraepithelialneoplasiahigh-gradeintraepithelialneoplasia:TisThispatterniscalledIPCL-V1.IPCL-V1includesfourmajorcharacteristicmorphologicalchangesofIPCL:dilation,meandering,irregularcaliber,andfigurevariation.T1a.Thisistypicalimageofintrapapillarycapillaryloop(IPCL)-V3.CancerinvasiondepthwasM3(muscularismucosae:T1a).Largewhitearrowspointtolargetumorvessel(IPCL-VN).Thestrikingmorphologicalfeatureisitsextra-largediameter.NotethedifferenceofvesselcaliberbetweenIPCL-V3(smallwhitearrow)andVN(largewhitearrow:T1bordeeper).V:microvascularpattern•Subepithelialcapillary(SEC)•Collectingvenule(CV)•Pathologicalmicrovessels(MV)S:microsurfacepattern•Marginalcryptepithelium(MCE)•Cryptopening(CO)•Interveningpart(IP)betweencryptsMNBI,magnifyingendoscopywithnarrow-bandimaging;LBC,lightbluecrestSECN,subepithelialcapillarynetwork;RAC,regulararrangementofcollectingvenules;CO,crypt-opening;MCE,marginalcryptepithelium;CV,collectingvolumeYaoK.AnnGastroenterol.2013;26(1):11-22.(A,B)Normalgastricbodymucosa.(C)Helicobacterpylori-associatedgastritis.(D)Atrophicgastritis.ABCD(A)C-WLI:erosion(B)M-NBI:aregularmicrovascularpatternandaregularmicrosur-facepatternwithlightbluecrest.(C)chronicgastritiswithintestinalmetaplasia(A)C-WLI:轻微凹陷。(B)M-NBI:irregularMVandMSwithacleardemarcationline.(C)Histopathologicalfindings:awell-differentiatedadenocarcinomaconfinedtothemucosaPitpatternclassification(1)Kudo分型(pitpattern).分为5型(TypeItotypeV):TypeIandII:良性,非肿瘤性。typeIIItoV:肿瘤性,其准确率达90%。TypeIII:III-SandIII-L血管袢(CP,sano)分型(佐野分型)CP分型分为I,II,III型,其中III型又分为A和B两亚型。NBI加放大能有效识别低级别上皮内瘤变和高级别上皮内瘤变或浸润性癌。能有效预测病变的组织学类型。Modified3-stepstrategyofNBIcolonoscopy.(a)普通光下观察,乙状结肠息肉,0.4cm,表面无明显平坦变化(b)NBI:NBI放大下见明显凹陷,pitpattern为IIIB(佐野分型)提示有黏膜下侵犯,肉眼观呈“0-Is+IIc”,这种病变易出现黏膜下侵犯。(c)结晶紫染色:呈VNpits,为浸润性改变,强烈提示深度黏膜下层侵犯。外科手术。(d)病理发现:中分化腺癌.两个小的、非侵袭性结直肠癌(≤5 mm).(a)普通白光:降结肠0.5cm的小息肉,无明显凹陷。(b)NBI:NBI+ME见病变中央凹陷,pitpattern为Sano分型的ⅢB型说明可能为浸润性癌,需进一步行结晶紫染色。(c)结晶紫染色:腺管开口呈浸润癌特征,但因中央凹陷太小,不肯定,内镜下切除,为高分化腺癌,再行外科手术.图1.现有结直肠息肉的NICE分类TypicalendoscopicfindingsofNICEclassificationFigurestoillustratetheNBIInternationalColorectalEndoscopic(NICE)classification.三、其它内镜检查EUS:共聚焦内镜EUS:20MHzEUSTisHigh-gradedysplasiaT1Tumorinvadesthelaminapropria,muscularismucosae(T1a)orsubmucosa(T1b),butdoesnotbreachthesubmucosaT2Tumorinvadesthemuscularispropria,butdoesnotbreachthemuscularispropriaT3TumorinvadestheadventitiaT4Tumorinvadesadjacentstructures;T4a:resectabletumorinvadingthepleura,pericardium,ordiaphragm,T4b:unresectabletumorinvadingotheradjacentstructures,suchasaorta,vertebralbody,trachea,etc.ConfocalEndomicroscopyinnormalcolonicepitheliumConfocalEndomicroscopyinacolonicdyspalsia五、内镜下活检我科胃癌的早期筛查流程六、胃蛋白酶原与胃癌RieckenB.PrevMed,2002胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen,PG)PGⅠ:由胃底腺的主细胞和颈粘液细胞分泌PGⅡ:除了胃底腺,胃窦幽门腺和近端十二指肠Brunner腺也能分泌PGR:PGⅠ/PGⅡPG法用于胃癌筛查,已被多部共识意见推荐缺点:阳性预测值较低反映胃体萎缩PGIPGRFockKM.JGastroenterolHepatol2008;中华消化内镜杂志2014高胃泌素血症、PGR低值是非贲门胃癌的高危因素(肠型胃癌)。Väänänen.EurJGastroenterolHepatol2003A组B组C组G-17-+-+PG--++血清PG联合G-17G-17(+):G-17≤1pmol/L或G-17≥15pmol/LPG(+):PGⅠ≤70ng/ml且PGR≤7.0胃癌风险递增体检人群检测血清PGI、PGII、PGR、G-17B组:“G-17(+)且PG(-)”或“G-17(-)且PG(+)”C组:“G-17(+)且PG(+)”A组:“G-17(-)且PG(-)”存在较低胃癌风险胃癌高风险进展期胃癌胃癌风险低不建议胃镜检查可根据临床需要,行胃镜检查胃镜精查早期胃癌,或高级别瘤变非胃癌其他重度萎缩、肠化和低级别瘤变定期复查PG、G-17ESD等微创治疗外科手术每年行胃镜检查每年复查PG、G-17每年行胃镜检查

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