城市规划―北京城的变迁

BEIJINGBEIJINGBriefBackground•Beijing:PartofChina’sHeritage•Beijing:LinkbetweenHeavenandEarth•Beijing:When,Where,Why•Beijing:TheEvolutionofitsUrbanFormSomePlanning/UrbanDesignIssues•Size•Density•BlockSize•FacingSouth•OldandNew•SustainabilityStudentWork1986-7KindergartenStudentWork1986-7CommunityCenterTOWNSCONSULTING=(1.0136)SevenoctavesSomeExamples:TheDecimalSystem,thecompass,paper,explosives,wheelbarrow,….ColumbusandZhengHeSailingintothewindVoyagesofexplorationandexchangenotconquest.“Itwouldbebetterifthenationsandpeoplesoftheworldhadaclearerunderstandingofeachother,allowingthementalchasmbetweenEastanWesttobebridged.Afteralltheyare,andhavebeenforseveralcenturies,intimatepartnersinthebusinessofbuildingaworldcivilization.ThetechnologicalworldoftodayisaproductofbothEastandWesttoanextentwhichuntilrecentlynoonehadeverimagined.ItisnowtimefortheChinesecontributiontoberecognizedandacknowledged,byeastandWestalike.And,aboveall,letthisberecognizedbytoday’sschoolchildren,whowillbethegenerationtoabsorbitintotheirfundamentalconceptionsabouttheworld.Whenthathappens,ChineseandWesternerswillbeabletolookeachotherintheeye,knowingthemselvestobetrueandfullpartners.RobertTemple,TheGeniusofChina,1998,p.12ModernScience&TechnologyEuropeanIndustrialRevolutionEuropeanAgriculturalRevolutionChineseIdeasandInventionsTheIslamicworldwasavitallinkbetweenChinaandEurope.NewWorldOrderMaturationofHumanityAll-inclusiveFamilyGlobalVillageGrandSynthesis(Lazlo)OmegaPointMajesticHouse“TianXiaYiJia”TheAgeofNationsispast.Thetaskbeforeusnow,ifwewouldnotperish,istobuildtheEarth.”T.deChardin“TheEarthisOneCountryandMankinditsCitizens”Baha’u’llahHeavenismyfatherandearthismymother..allpeoplearemybrothersandsisters,andallthingsaremycompanions...“ZhangZai(1020-77)OurCollectiveHeritage“Muchliketheroleplayedbythegenepoolinthebiologicallifeofhumankindanditsenvironment,theimmensewealthofculturaldiversityachievedoverthousandsofyearsisvitaltothesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofahumanraceexperiencingitscollectivecoming-of-age.Itrepresentsaheritagethatmustbepermittedtobearitsfruitinaglobalcivilization.Ontheonehand,culturalexpressionsneedtobeprotectedfromsuffocationbythematerialisticinfluencescurrentlyholdingsway.Ontheother,culturesmustbeenabledtointeractwithoneanotherinever-changingpatternsofcivilization,freeofmanipulationforpartisanpoliticalends.“TheProsperityofHumankind,Baha'iInternationalCommunity,1995.BEIJINGBriefBackground•Beijing:PartofChina’sHeritage•Beijing:CapitalCity,LinkbetweenHeavenandEarth•Beijing:When,Where,Why•Beijing:TheEvolutionofitsUrbanFormSomePlanning/UrbanDesignIssues•Size•Density•BlockSize•FacingSouth•OldandNew•SustainabilityZhouDynasty(1027-256BC),IdealCitydescribedinZhouLi:KaoGongJiBeijing:CapitalCity,alinkbetweenHeavenandEarthBeijing:acitylinkingheavenandearthTheEmperorprayedforgoodharvests.Emperor’sRoom:PlaceofHonour,Power,&StillnessQingDynasty(1644-1911),TempleofHeaven,HallofPrayersforGoodHarvestsQingDynasty(1644-1911),TempleofHeavenQingDynasty(1644-1911),TempleofHeavenQingDynasty(1644-1911),TempleofHeaven,HallofPrayersforGoodHarvestsBeijingOldCity:ForbiddenCityEmperor’sRoom:PlaceofHonour,Power,&StillnessFiveColoursEarthTempleBeijingOldCity:FiveColoursEarthTempleEmperor’sRoom:PlaceofHonour,Power&StillnessBeijingOldCity:Courtyardhouseisa“child”oftheForbiddenCity.AreminderoftheHeaven–Earthlinkageineveryhome.Patriarch’sRoom:PlaceofHonour,Power&StillnessFractalHieirarchyBeijingOldCity:CourtyardHousePatriarchsRoom:PlaceofHonour,Power&StillnessBeijingOldCity:2008OlympicSiteisontheceremonial“sacred”axis.TheOlympicthemealsoreflectsaconsciousnessofthelinkbetweenheavenandearth.BEIJINGBriefBackground•Beijing:PartofChina’sHeritage•Beijing:LinkbetweenHeavenandEarth•Beijing:When,Where,Why•Beijing:TheEvolutionofitsUrbanFormSomePlanning/UrbanDesignIssues•Size•Density•BlockSize•FacingSouth•OldandNew•SustainabilityXia2200–1750BCShang1750–1040BCWesternZhou1027–771BCEasternZhou770-256BCQin221–227BCHan206BC–220ADTang618-907NorthernSong960-1127LIAOXIXIASouthernSong1127-1279JINXIXIAYuan1271–1368(Chinese“ShipofState”runbyMongoliancaptains)TheMengPeople(Mongolian)Ming1368-1644Qing1636–1911(Chinese“ShipofState”runbyMan/Qingcaptains)TheManPeople(Manchuria)Qing:Rebellions(green)andIncursions(red)1840-1911RussiaJapanRussiaEnglandEnglandFranceGermanyJapanRussiaPeople’sRepublicofChina1949(Relativeisolationforover25years)OpenDoor1978BEIJINGBriefBackground•Beijing:PartofChina’sHeritage•Beijing:LinkbetweenHeavenandEarth•Beijing:When,Where,Why•Beijing:TheEvolutionofitsUrbanFormSomePlanning/UrbanDesignIssues•Size•Density•BlockSize•FacingSouth•OldandNew•SustainabilityLiao916-1125Jin1125-1234LiaoMing-QingJinYuanMing-QingTheGrowthofBeijing:1949-20082GrowthofBeijing:1949-200823GrowthofBeijing:1949-2008234GrowthofBeijing:1949-200823456.7km12km18km30kmGrowthofBeijing:1949-2008CBDGro