各种类型化合物的红外光谱

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各种类型化合物的红外光谱2010-09-202alkanesCH3nas:2960(s),150(e)ns:2870(s),90(e)das:1450(s)-CH3,1380(s)-CH(CH3)2,1385,1375(双带,强度近似相等)-C(CH3)3,1395,1365(双带,n低2n高)-OCH3,1460~1430(2830有中等强度的吸收)-NCH3,1440~1410(2800有中等强度的吸收)-COCH3,1360(甲基酮特征)ds:RCH3CH3RCH3CH3CH33CH2nas:2925(ms),75(e)ns:2850(m),45(e)ds:1470(s)dip:725(n4);775(CH2CH3)CHn:2890alkanes4正辛烷的红外光谱图I.2960,2925,2870,2850;II.1465;III.1380;IV.725直链烷烃5饱和烃C-H伸缩振动吸收p54,图2.45上:正丁烷(2个CH2);中:正辛烷(6个CH2);下:正二十烷(18个CH2)亚甲基的数目增加,相应的吸收带强度增加6叔丁基、异丙基的甲基弯曲振动吸收带p56,图2.47上:叔丁基,在1395和1370有两个强度不等的吸收带,低波数大约是高波数的2倍;下:异丙基,在1385和1375有两个强度近似相等的吸收带。7nC-H30702985~3050(w)2947286329272841ds144214451452dC-C1020~1000920~9101000~9609771005~9251055~1000CyclicAlkanes8C8H18•2960,2925,2870,2853,1465(weak),1460,1395,1380,1365,1250,1210,7759解析--归属nC-H:2960,2870(CH3)•nC-H:2925,2853(CH2)•dCH2:1465(CH2)•dCH3:1460(CH3)•dCH2:1395,1365[-C(CH3)2]•dCH2:1380(CH3)•nC-C:1250,1210[-C(CH3)2]•dCH2:775(CH2)2,2,3-trimethylpentane•2960,2925,2870,2853,1465(weak),1460,1395,1380,1365,1250,1210,77510烷烃中只有C-H,C-C两种σ键nandd1.2960~2850cm-1(nC-H)2.1200-800cm-1(C-C骨架伸缩振动区)异丙基和叔丁基的特殊性异丙基:1170-1140(nCH(CH3)2)叔丁基:1260-12501220-12003.720cm-1(drock)n=1时吸收峰在775cm-1;n≧4时吸收峰在725cm-1。Summary114.1470-1370cm-1(C-H弯曲振动)1)dasCH3与dsCH2重叠,后者较弱;2)CH(CH3)2和C(CH3)3的特殊性•异丙基:1385,1375(dCH(CH3)2)•叔丁基:1395,1370(dC(CH3)3)•骨架吸收:•1210、Summary12Alkenes三种振动n=C-HnC=Cd=C-H3095~30701640990,9101900165389017803040~30101657700RHCH2R1R2CH2R1HCR2H13Alkenes三种振动n=C-HnC=Cd=C-H3040~30101672~965ortwobands(conjugatedwithaC=Ogroup)1670~820-1670-R1R3CR4R2R1R3CHR2R1HCHR2I.n=C-H:3090;II.nC=C:1640;III.d=C-H:990,910(乙烯型);IV.(泛音)1820n-C-H:2960,2920,2850,d-C-H(CH2):1470,d-C-H(CH3):1380,d-C-H(rock):7753-甲基1-戊烯的红外光谱图HHHC8H16乙烯基型和亚乙烯基型面外弯曲振动比较上:3,4-二甲基-1-己烯HHp64,图2.57HH下:2,3-二甲基-1-戊烯16X-CH=CH2中X对=C-H的影响XClBrICOOHCOOR99093893694398298291089489890597096117XOCOROCH3CHOOC6H5COR990950960940944,962989910873813963851958X-CH=CH2中X对=C-H的影响18164616501651161116571657156616781678164117811885CycloAlkene19张力增加,nC=C增加环张力对C=C的伸缩振动吸收带的影响p63,图2.56上:六元环;中:五元环;下:四元环20累积烯烃丙二烯类nC=C=CdC=C=C-H(ip)1950(s)850(vs)R1HCHHR'HRR''21Alkynes三种振动:ν三C-H、νC三C、δ三C-H1.ν三C-H3340-3270(s)①νC-Hν=C-HνC-H②吸收强而尖锐。③R较少,受影响小,波数和强度相对稳定HR222νC三C:2260-2100(w)①νC三CνC=CνC-C②干扰少,特征性强③对称性3δ三C-H:-630(s,b)R能极化电子云为双带CCHCCH613642231-已炔的红外光谱I.3330;II.2270;III.630,IV.12502920,2850,1465,1380,7301250:C-H的弯曲振动(630)泛音C6H1024C14H101600,1500,1450,745,690U=101.对称性2.叁键不在分子端头,没有氢,所以,既没有高波数区的伸缩振动,也没有低波数区的弯曲振动CCHR25异丙苯的红外光谱图I.3010,3030,3090;IV.1960~1740;III.760,695;II.1600,1500,1450;V.1225~954VC9H1226•3090,3070,3030(n=C-H)•1960-1750(d=C-H,overtone)•1600,1580,1500,1450(n=C-C)•760,700(d=C-H)Aromatichydrocarbons27面外弯曲振动(d=C-H)):900~6501.孤立芳氢900-8602.芳环骨架725-6803.三个相邻芳氢810-750吸收强度与氢原子数有关,H数目多,吸收强1,3,5-三取代1,2,3,4,5-五取代HHHHHHHHH28各种取代苯的特征吸收29190018001700800700600500400各种取代苯的特征吸收(续)3132各取代苯泛音区和900-650区特征吸收190018001700800700600500400邻、间和对二取代苯衍生物的红外光谱图上:邻乙基苯胺,740(单峰);中:间甲基苯甲腈,850(w,1H),780,690(3H);下:对甲氧基溴苯,810(单峰)p71,图2.6834C6H11N3400,3330,3070,2960,2850,1600,1580,1500,1450,740NH235C7H7BrO3030,2960,2870,2830,1600,1580,1500,1450,810OBr36C8H7NO3010,2830,2330,1600,1580,1450,850,780,690ON37(2)稠环1.ν=C-H-30502.骨架振动1650-14503.δ=C-H900-6751)β–单取代1.孤立H:862-8352.两个相邻H:835-8053.四个相邻H:760-7352)α-单取代:三个H810-785HHHHHHHαβ-乙萘的红外光谱图d=C-H:760(四个氢),795(三个氢)CH3

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