美国文学简史复习纲要

美国文学简史复习纲要ColonialPeriod殖民时期(1600s-1790s)AmericanPuritanism美国清教主义：self-examination/self-improvementI.JonathanEdwards(1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790)(1)PoorRichard’sAlmanac(2)TheAutobiography自传EarlyAmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）1.features(1)Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.II.WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)1.severalnamesattachedtoIrving(1)firstAmericanwriter(2)themessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworld(3)fatherofAmericanliterature美国文学之父2.works(1)TheSketchBook见闻札记:RipVanWinkle,TheLegendofSleepyHollowIII.JamesFenimoreCooper库柏(1789-1851)1.works(1)LeatherstockingTales皮袜子故事集:TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie2.literaryachievementsCooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.SummitofRomanticism–NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I.Appearance提出1836,“Nature”byEmerson爱默生、《论自然》II.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importanceofindividualism3.nature–symbolofspirit/God4.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)III.Influence1.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance美国文学复兴–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature、independentAmericanculture.IV.RalphWaldoEmerson（1802-1882）1.works(1)Nature—themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。(2)TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》regardedasthe“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.V.HenryDavidThoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）(1)Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicity…simplify!”(2)APleaforJohnBrown(anessay)：Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbytheslaverysystem.LateRomanticism浪漫主义后期I.NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）1.works(1)TheScarletLetter红字：HesterPrynne女主人公、ArthurDimmesdale通奸的牧师、RogerChillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿2.pointofview(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”(2)Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration(causality).3.style–typicalromanticwriterII.HermanMelville（1819-1891）MobyDick白鲸RomanticPoetsI.WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）1.work:LeavesofGrass(9editions)草叶集(1)SongofMyself自我之歌(2)WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d为纪念林肯总统而写(3)IHearAmericasinging2.style:“freeverse”自由诗体3.influence(1)HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.(2)HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.II.EmilyDickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）1.works(1)MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsClose(2)BecauseICan’tStopforDeath(3)IHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdied2.themes:basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows3.style(1)poemswithouttitles(2)directness,brevity(3)capitalletters–emphasis(4)shortpoems,mainlytwostanzasIII.Comparison:Whitmanvs.Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.(2)Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.(2)WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.(3)Dickinsonhasthe“cataloguetechnique”(direct,simplestyle)whichWhitmandoesn’thave.EdgarAllenPoe埃德加爱伦坡（）I.Works1.shortstories(1)detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父a.MsFoundinaBottle瓶中手稿b.TheMurdersintheRueMorgue莫格街杀人案(2)Revenge,deathandrebirth、gothicnovels哥特小说a.TheFalloftheHouseofUsher亚舍古屋的倒塌(3)Literarytheorya.ThePoeticPrinciple：最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝b.Poems:TheRaven乌鸦、AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李II.Themes:“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”.horror.III.Style–traditional,butnoteasytoreadTheAgeofRealism现实主义时期：内战（1861-1865）--一战I.Background:FromRomanticismtoRealism1.1880’surbanization:fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalism2.theclosingofAmericanfrontierII.ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod1.WilliamDeanHowells（1837--1920）–“DeanofAmericanRealism”(1)Realisticprinciples：habitualmoods/motives(2)Works:TheRiseofSilasLapham2.HenryJames（1843-1916）a.theme:internationalthemeDaisyMillerThePortraitofaLadyTheAmbassadors大使：Strether主人公TheWingsoftheDoveTheGoldenBowl(1)Pointofviewa.Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousnessb.Psychologicalrealismc.Highly-refinedlanguage3.MarkTwain(seenextsection)LocalColorism1860s,1870s~1890sHamlinGarland:CrumblingIdolsBretHarte:TheLuckofRoaringCampKateChopin–TheAwakening觉醒I.MarkTwain（1835-1910）–Mississippi1.SamuelLanghorneClemens真名2.works(1)TheGildedAge镀金时代(2)TheadvantagesofHuckleberryFinn:Jim、raft木筏(3)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(4)LifeontheMississippi3.style(1)colloquialstyle,vernacularlanguage,dialects口语方言的运用(2)localcolour(3)humour(4)socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)II.Comparisonofthethree“giants”ofAmericanRealism1.ThemeHowells–middleclassJames–upperclassTwain–lowerclass2.TechniqueHowells–smiling/genteelrealismJames–psych