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1.theIronAge铁器时代2.covalentbonding共价键，共价结合3.composites复合材料4.crystallattice晶体点阵，晶格5.compositionandstructure成分和结构6.tensilestrength抗拉强度，抗张强度7.ferrousmetals黑色金属8.graycastiron灰口铸铁9.austenniticstainless奥氏体不锈钢10.weldabilityandhardenability可焊性和可淬性11.refractorymetals难溶金属11.carbideandnitride碳化物和氮化物12.stiffness刚度13.corrosion腐蚀14.theBronzeAge铜器时代15.metallicbonding金属键，金属结合16.polymers高分子材料17.ceramicsandglasses陶瓷和玻璃18.elementatycell晶胞19.directionindices晶向指数20.synthesisandprocessing合成和加工21.yeildstrength屈服强度22.nonferrousmetals有色金属23.whitecastiron白口铸铁24.martensiticstainlesssteels马氏体不锈钢25.castabilityandformability铸造性能与模锻性能26.titaniumandnickel钛和镍27.preciousmetals贵金属28.oxideandsulfide氧化物和硫化物29.diecastalloy压铸合金30.elasticity弹性，弹力31.brittleness脆性32.fatiguestrength疲劳强度33.corrosion腐蚀34.annealing退火35.highcompressivestrength高压缩强度材料工程materialsengineering金属及其化合物metalsandtheiralloys面心立方晶格face-centeredcubiclattice材料塑性theplasticityofmaterials普碳钢plain-carbonsteels陶瓷ceramics合金元素alloyingelements表面处理surfacetreatment金属物理性能thephysicalpropertyofmetals材料科学materialsscience金属材料metallicmaterials体心立方晶格body-centeredcubiclattice材料的强度thestrengthofmaterials有色金属nonferrousmetals合金钢alloysteels铝及铝合金aluminumsandaluminumalloys加工硬化workhardening热处理heattreated金属力学性能mechanicalpropertyAbsorbedenergy吸收功transitiontemperature转变温度modulusofelasticity弹性模量conductivity导电性thermalexpansion热膨胀heatcapacity热容mold铸型rolling轧制forming模压thermosettingploymers热固性材料thermoplasticploymers热塑性材料stressversusstrain应力应变pigiron生铁wroughtiron熟铁steelmalking炼钢smelting熔炼blastfurnace鼓风炉castability可锻性machinability机加工性nonmachinable不可机加工的hardenability可淬硬性nonmagnetic非磁铁alloyedsteels合金钢anneal退火stree-corrsioncracking应力腐蚀断裂high-strengthlow-alloysteel高强度低合金钢castironalloys铸铁合金heat-treatable可热处理的solubility溶解度thermo-mechanical热加工性plain-carbonsteel普碳钢electrolyticiron电解铁Introductiontomaterials材料概论coordinationnunber配位数polycrystals多晶体anisotropy各向异性hexagonalclose-packedstructure密排六方结构impactstrength冲击强度tensilestrength拉伸强度yieldpoint屈服点utimatestrength极限强度breakingstrength破坏强度fracturetoughness断裂韧度thoughness韧性elasticlimit弹性极限creepstrength蠕变强度creep蠕变fatiguelife疲劳寿命corrosionresistance抗腐蚀性wear-resistance耐磨性wearrate磨损率oxidationresistance抗氧化性imperfection缺陷austenitic马氏体martensitic马氏体pearlite珠光体ferritic铁素体ironcarbide渗碳体stainlesssteel不锈钢fracture断裂compouds化合物specificstrength比强度allotropic同素异形体reractorymetals耐火材料anodize阳极电镀forging锻造casting铸造hardness硬度graycastiron灰口铸铁magnetin磁性rust铁锈ingots铸锭malleablecastiron可锻铸铁brittlematerials脆性材料whitecastiron白口铸铁gears齿轮shafts轴weldable可焊接的unweldable不可焊接的weldablility可焊接性toolsteels工具钢metallicbonding金属键covalentbonding共价键ionicbonding离子键hydrogenbonding氢键crystallattice晶格crystalline晶体amorphous非晶体packingfactor致密度crystallographicindices结晶指数slipplanes滑移面close-packedplanes密排面elasticity弹性Elongationrate延伸率stress-ruptureproperties应力开裂reductioninarea断面收缩句子：1,Itisgenerallythebehaviorofmaterialsiswhichlimitstheperformanceofmachinesandequipment.材料的性能通常限制着机器和设备的性能2,Itisusefultoconsidertheextentofmetallicbehaveriorinthecurrentlyknownrangeofchemicalelements.在目前已知的化学范围内考察其金属性的程度是很有用的3,Thepackingfactorisdeterminedastheratioofthevolumeofallelementaryparticlesperelementarycelltothetotalvolumeoftheelementarycell.填充因子的大小取决于每个晶胞中所有基本微粒的体积之和与整个晶胞体积之间的比率4,Inmostmaterialsmorethanonephaseispresent,witheachphasehavingitsuniqueatomicarrangementandproperties.Controlofthetype,size,distribution,andamountofthesephaseswithinthemainbodyofthematerialprovidesanadditionalwaytocontrolpropertiesofamaterial.在大多数材料中，往往存在着不止一种相，每一种相都有其各自的原子排列和特性。在材料的主体部位中控制这些相的种类、尺寸、分布和数量，是控制材料性能的另一途径。5,Metalshavebeenusefulinhumanitythroughtheagesbecausetheyarestrongwhensubjectedtotheexternalforcesencounteredunderserviceconditions,yettheybecomesoftenoughtoyieldtoamachinecuttingtoolortoacompressiveshapingforce.很久以来，金属材料就对人们是有用的，因为当它们在使用状态下受到外部的作用力时，它们会很结实，但它们也能变得足够柔软，而屈服于机械切削加工或成型加工力。6,Hightemperaturestabilityisimportantfortoolsteel,becauseitmustbeabletomaintainitsproperties(bothofphysicalandchemicalproperties)atelevatedtemperature.高温稳定性对工具钢来说是很重要的，因为它必须在高温下保持他的各种性能（包括物理和化学性能）7,Titanium'salloysoffersuperiorspecificstrengthinhightemperatures(over590'c)andlowtemperatures(-253'c),whichmakesitapopularstructuralmetalinultrahigh-speedaircraft.由于钛合金在高温（超过590'C）和低温（-253'C）下，皆可提供高的比强度，这一点使得它成为超高速飞行器上的受欢迎的金属结构材料。8,Copperisknownforitshighthermalandelectricalconductivity.Thethermalconductivitycopperisalmost10timesthatofsteel.Thismakesitpreferableforchill,castingmolds,andapplicationsthatrequirethefastremovalheat.铜以其高的热、电传导性而为人们所熟知。铜的热导率几乎是钢的10倍。这使它特别适用于在激冷、铸模以及那些需要快速带走热量的场合中的应用。9,Atomsofcalcium,aluminum,copper,lead,nickel,gold,platinum,andsomeothermetalsarrangethemselveswithanatomineachcornerofthecubeandoneinthecenterofeachcubeface.Whensteelisabovetheuppercriticaltemperature,itrearrangesitsatomstothisFCCstructureandiscalledgammairon.钙、铝、铜、铅、镍、金、铂和其他一些金属材料，通过在立方体得中心安排一个原子，而在立方体每个侧面的中心各安排一个原子的方法而排列。当钢高于其上临界温度时，他就将其原子排列成这种面心立方结构，其也被称为Y铁11,Thecoordinationnumberdeterminesthequantityofthenearestequidistantelementaryparticles.配位数决定着（与一个基本微粒）最近邻的、等距离的基本微粒的数目。12,Agrainstructureisfoundin