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FisheryResourcesJosieSabrinaContents•Introduction•Differentfisheryresources•Topproducersandconsumers•Threatstofisheries•FishandPolitics•CaseStudies–Norway(aquacultureandfishing)–Asia(MinamataBay,Coralreefs,SharksFinSoup)•Howcanwesustainfisheries?Introduction•Highlyperishablehealthconsequences•Startof21stCentury–75%directhumanconsumption–25%reducedtofishmealandoil•Freshfish–40%market•Frozenfish–30%•Cannedfish–14%•Curedfish–12%•1/3ofworldfishcatchtradedinternationally(=topic&fid=2888)Introduction•ThetotalworldexportvalueforfishandfishproductsisnearlyUS$60billion–volumeshareofdevelopingcountriesinfisheryexportsrepresentsabout55percentofthetotal.–US$17billionayear,morethanwhattheyearnfromexportsoftea,rice,coffeetogether.Introduction•100milliontonnesoffishareeatenworld-wideyearly–Providingtwoandahalfbillionpeoplewithatleast20percentoftheiraveragepercapitaanimalproteinintake–Developingworld:Smallislandstatesandincoastalregionsover50%ofpeople'sanimalproteincomesfromfish•97percentoffishersareindevelopingcountries.FishforfoodDifferentfisheryresourcesWildCatches•Capturesoffishinthewildhavereachedarecordhighof95milliontonnesayear–85.8milliontonnescomingfrommarinefisheries–9.2milliontonnesfrominlandfisheries.Aquaculture•farmingoffish,shellfishandaquaticplantsinfreshorsaltwater.Thefisharecaredforandraisedtoamarketablesize,andthenharvestedforprocessing,saleandconsumption•Therearetwotypes:–Extensive(pond)aquaculture–wherethefishgrowthislimitedbyavailablefoodsupply–Intensive(closed-circulation)aquaculture–inwhichfisharefedwithexternalfoodsupplyAquaculture•Mudfromthebottomoffishponds–organicmineral-richfertilizer•Emergingasamajorsourceoffoodandincome–significantcontributortofoodsecurity•AccountsforoveraquarteroftotalworldfishproductionAquaculture•Freshwateraquaculture–Finfishes45%•Marineaquaculture–Plants20%–Molluscs(shellfish)24%•Brackishwateraquaculture(mangroves,estuaries)–Shrimpmostly5%byweight,15%byvalue•WorldLeader:Asia–China2/3ofworld’stotalTopProducers•JAPAN•Byfartheworld’stopfishmarket,Tokyo’sTsukijifishmarketmoves2.3millionkilogramsofseafoodeverydaytofeedtheJapaneseconsumer’s67-kilogram-ayearfishhabit.•OctopustentaclesfromGreecejoinediblesimportedfrom60countrieson6continents.TopProducersThreats•OverfishingThreats•Bycatchdiscarding–Commercialfisheries–25%ofallmarinecatch–Non-targetspecies•Dolphinsintunapurseseinenets•Turtlesinshrimptrawls•Marinemammalsinhigh-seassquiddriftnetsThreats•Destructivefishingpractices–Bottomtrawlfishing•Climatechange•PollutionandToxicwaste–Airpollution1/3ofpollution•Coralreefdestruction•EscapedfishfromfarmsFishanddevelopment•Economicdevelopment–Maintainviableruralcommunities–Basisforsettlements•Icelandfoundedasafishingsettlement•UnitedStatescodfisheries–Livelihoods•‘fisher-farmers’inAfrica–Aesthetic:TourismFishanddevelopment•Employmentopportunities–Boat-building,maintenance,net-makingandrepair,packingandtransport•Developingcountries–39milliondependentforallorpartoftheirlivelihoods–Includingproduction,harvesting,landingsite-basedactivities•Togetherwiththeirfamiliesanddependents,200millionpeopleworldwiderelyonfisheriesfortheirlivelihoodFishandPolitics•TheBritishColumbiaAboriginalFisheriesCommission–1984–toprotectandenhancetheAboriginalfishingrightsoftheFirstNationsinBC.–Aboriginalpeoplehaveaconstitutionallyprotectedrighttofish.•forfood,socialandceremonialpurposes.FishandPolitics•WesternSaharafishingrights–1June,2006–“InanactofgrosshypocrisytheIrishGovernmentlastweeksigneduptoadealbetweentheEUandMoroccotorobthefishingrightsofthepeopleofWesternSahara-anationoccupiedbyMorocco-whileatthesametimeissuingastatementclaimingtosupporttherightofthepeopleofWesternSaharatoself-determination.”SinnFéinWeeklyFishandPolitics•WesternSaharafishingrights–“…from1JulyfishingfleetsfromIreland,Spain,FranceandotherEUstateswillbeabletoplunderthewatersofWesternSaharaofevenlargerquantitiesoffish.”–“Fishingisalifelinefortheindigenouspeopleofthiscoastalnationwherecommunitiesusesmalltraditionalsailingcraft.NowmoregiantfactoryvesselsfromtheEUwillbeabletoenterthesewatersand'hoover'upthousandsoftonnesoffish,leavinglittleornothingforthenativepeople.”–SinnFéinWeekly:NorwayNorway•SeafoodisNorwaysbiggestexportafteroil/gasandmetal,andsends95%oftheproductionabroad.•Oneofthebiggestinfish-farming,mainlyforsalmonandtrout,othersarecodandhalibut•Norwegianvesselsdelivered2.2milliontonnesoffishin2006•MostoftheexportedfishgoestoDenmark,Russia,FranceandJapan•Today13240peoplehavefishingastheirmainsourceofincome,in1950thisnumberwasover68000Norway•Illegalfishingisaproblem(Barentsea)andcountsforanestimated30%oftotalcatch•Aproblemwithescapingsalmonandlice,asNorwaytakestheirresponsibilityofprotectingthearticsalmonveryseriously.–InNorway,averageof500,000salmonescapeperyearCaseStudy:Coralreef