肿瘤干细胞

肿瘤干细胞CancerStemCellPluripotent&Unipotent多能细胞&单能细胞:Stem_cells_diagram.png220干细胞？StemCell？干细胞(stemcell,SC)干细胞(stemcells,SC)是一类具有自我复制能力(self-renewing)的多潜能细胞，在一定条件下，它可以分化成多种功能细胞(是指具有自我更新、分化潜能的细胞)。分类根据干细胞所处的发育阶段分为1.胚胎干细胞(embryonicstemcell，ES细胞);2.成体干细胞(somaticstemcell,adultstemcell,ASC);3.骨髓干细胞(bonemarrowderivedstemcell,BMSC)或造血干细胞(hematopoieticstemcell，HSC)根据干细胞的发育潜能分为三类：1.全能干细胞(totipotentstemcell,TSC)、2.多能干细胞（pluripotentstemcell）3.单能干细胞（unipotentstemcell）。HuiHetal:Glucagonlikepeptide-1-directedhumanembryonicstemcellsdifferentiationintoinsulin-producingcellsviahedgehog,cAMP,andPI3Kpathways.Pancreas.2010Apr;39(3):315-22.InduceddifferentiationofhumanESYderivedcellsincultureDisappearanceofstemcellmarkersandappearanceofpancreaticA-cellmarkersduringthehumanembryoniccelldifferentiationHuiHetal:Glucagonlikepeptide-1-directedhumanembryonicstemcellsdifferentiationintoinsulin-producingcellsviahedgehog,cAMP,andPI3Kpathways.Pancreas.2010Apr;39(3):315-22.Expressionofhedgehogsignalmoleculesduringthehumanembryoniccelldifferentiation.HuiHetal:Glucagonlikepeptide-1-directedhumanembryonicstemcellsdifferentiationintoinsulin-producingcellsviahedgehog,cAMP,andPI3Kpathways.Pancreas.2010Apr;39(3):315-22.干细胞起源？体细胞克隆和干细胞克隆体细胞克隆即取出一个双倍体细胞核移入一个去核的卵细胞，并在一定条件下进行核卵重组，再植入代孕母体中发育成新个体的过程。供体细胞均来自高度分化的体细胞，其种类繁多、数量无限。。克隆人类胚胎则是将卵细胞的遗传物质取出，只留下卵细胞中具有激发胚胎生长能力的细胞胞浆，然后将外源供者成熟体细胞的ＤＮＡ注入卵子。这种结合了“外来”遗传物质的卵子放入子宫将成为生殖性克隆；使这种“卵子”在体外发育成囊胚，然后取出内细胞团，进而培养出胚胎干细胞用作治疗目的，则是治疗性克隆。iPS干细胞诱导多能干细胞（inducedpluripotentstemcells,iPScells）是利用病毒载体将四个转录因子（Oct4,Sox2,Klf4和c-Myc）的组合转入分化的体细胞中，使其重编程为类似胚胎干细胞的一种细胞类型。新技术：成就与问题揭秘干细胞市场乱象：产业链各环节都盈利_消费也理财-曝光台_新浪...2011年4月29日...揭秘干细胞市场乱象：产业链各环节都盈利...在干细胞市场上，深圳北科、青岛奥克、天津昂赛等众多生物治疗公司已纷纷入市掘金。脐带保存带来的现金流4...finance.sina.com.cn/consume/puguangtai/20...2011-4-29-百度快照›媒体报道-Cached-Translatethispage2011年12月14日–本报记者前线报道10月5日在洛杉矶帕萨迪纳市，为期3天的第七届全球干细胞峰会圆满闭幕，中国对干细胞的研究成就及相关市场备受国际关注。肿瘤干细胞(tumorstemcell,TSC)指癌组织中“存在的”为数不多的具有自我更新能力、分化潜能的细胞。干细胞样细胞“stem-likecells”，肿瘤起始细胞“tumorinitiatingcells”USNationalLibraryofMedicineNationalInstitutesofHealthcancerstemcellResults:34362tumorstemcellResults:32209StemCell：Results:199028HowDoCancerStemCellsArise?(clusterofdesignation)CD（Clusterofdifferentiation）就是细胞膜表面的分化抗原群/分化抗原簇.CDisaprotocolusedfortheidentificationandinvestigationofcellsurfacemoleculespresentonwhitebloodcellsinitiallybutfoundinalmostanykindofcellofthebody,providingtargetsforimmunophenotypingofcells.Physiologically,CDmoleculescanactinnumerousways,oftenactingasreceptorsorligands(themoleculethatactivatesareceptor)importanttothecell.Asignalcascadeisusuallyinitiated,alteringthebehaviorofthecell(seecellsignaling).SomeCDproteinsdonotplayaroleincellsignaling,buthaveotherfunctions,suchascelladhesion.CDforhumansisnumberedupto350mostrecently．肿瘤干细胞的分离培养技术流式分选(fluorescence-activatedcellsorting,FACS)；磁式分选(magneticactivatedcellcorting,MACS)。Nam-YoungKangetal:Embryonicandinducedpluripotentstemcellstainingandsortingwiththelive-cellfluorescenceimagingprobeCDy1．NatureProtocols6,1044–1052(2011)doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.350Flowcytometrywasusedtoisolatesubpopulationsofhumanpancreaticcancercells,whichweretestedfortumorigenicityinNOD/SCIDmice.CellswerestainedwithantibodiesagainstCD44,CD24,ESA,H2KandDAPI.PlotsarerepresentativeexamplesofpatternsofCD44andESAstaining(top)andCD24andESAstaining(bottom)ofviablehumanpancreaticcancercellsfromthreeindividualpatientxenografts,withthefrequencyoftheboxedtumorigeniccancercellpopulationasapercentageofcancercellsinthespecimenshown.IsolationoftumorigenicpancreaticcancercellsLiC,SimeoneDM.Identificationofpancreaticcancerstemcells.CancerRes.2007Feb1;67(3):1030-7.TumorformationinNOD/SCIDmiceinjectedwithhighlytumorigenicpancreaticcancercellsA,arepresentativeexperimentdepictingtumorformationinamouseattheinjectionsiteof500CD44+CD24+ESA+cells,withnotumorformationseenattheinjectionsiteof500CD44−CD24−ESA−cells.H&EstainingofthetumorgeneratedfromCD44+CD24+ESA+cells(right)hassimilarhistologicfeaturestothecorrespondingpatient'sprimarypancreatictumor(left).Magnification,×200.B,expressionofdifferentiationmarkersintumorsderivedfromhighlytumorigenicpancreaticcancercells.TissueswereexaminedforthepresenceofS100P(top)andstratifin(bottom)inaprimarypatienttumor(left)andatumorderivedfromCD44+CD24+ESA+cellsfromthesamepatient(right).Antibodylocalizationwasdoneusinghorseradishperoxidase,withdarkbrownstainingindicatingthepresenceofthespecificantigen.LiC,SimeoneDM.Identificationofpancreaticcancerstemcells.CancerRes.2007Feb1;67(3):1030-7.CharacterizationofhighlytumorigenicpancreaticcancercellsAandB,representativehistogramoftheDNAcontentoftumorigenicandnontumorigenicpancreaticcancercells.ThecellcyclestatusofCD44−CD24−ESA−cells(A)andCD44+CD24+ESA+cells(B)wasdeterminedbypropidiumiodidesta