《综合教程》(第2版)第一册 - 精品课件 - Unit12

Unit12GenderBiasinLanguageGender=Sex?Sexmarksthedistinctionbetweenmenandwomenasaresultoftheirbiological,physicalandgeneticdifferences.Genderrolesaresetbyconventionandothersocial,economic,political,andculturalforces.Itisnotnecessarilyonthebasisofbiologicaldistinction.GenderDifferencesGenderdifferenceisatermusedtorefertosocialcharacteristicthatdistinguishmenandwomen.Theseincludesuchthingsasdifferencesinhairstyles,clothing,familyresponsibilities,occupationalroles,acceptablebehaviorandotherculturallylearnedactivitiesandtraits.Allofthesedifferencesarelinkedtothenon-biologicalnotionsofmasculinityandfemininitywhichvaryfromoneculturetoanother.MenandwomenspeakdifferentlyPerceptually,femaleandmalearesaidtospeakdifferentvarietiesoflanguage:womenaresaidtousedistinctlyfemininewords,aremoremeticulousthanmeninenunciatingwordsandsentencesandintheuseofintonationpatterns,employmarkedgrammaticalfeatures,andtendtobegrammaticallyhypercorrect.Phonologically:InmanyaccentsofAmericanEnglish,ithasbeenfoundthatwomen’svowelsaremoreperipheral–morefront,moreback,higher,orlowerthanmen’s.Lexically:Mentendtousetaboowordsmoreoftenthanwomen.Wordchoiceinsomelanguagesisgender-markedGrammatically:Multiplenegation,charactersConversation:topic,howmuchtotalkGenderBiasGenderbiasinChineselanguage妄、妥、妻、委、妾、耍、婆、娶、婪爷、爸、爹、斧妖、奴、奸、婪、妄、妒、嫉、婊、娼、妓好、妙、娆、妩、姣、婷、娴、嫩、婉、娇、婧GenderbiasinChineselanguage男女、夫妻、夫妇、子女、公婆、兄妹、父母、祖父母、伯父伯母、岳父岳母、夫唱妇随、男尊女卑、男男女女、男耕女织、男欢女爱、男婚女嫁爷们儿，妇人之见，女流之辈先生，小姐/女士市长，女市长，女强人贱内，糟糠，浑家，屋里的，烧火的GenderbiasinChineselanguage黛玉—芙蓉;宝钗—牡丹;元春—桃花;迎春—菊花;探春—杏花;惜春—水仙;妙玉—梅花;李纨—兰花;巧姐—梨花;凤姐—玫瑰;可卿—樱花;湘云—芍药红颜祸水水性杨花HaveyoufoundanygenderbiasinEnglishlanguage?Canyougivesomeexamples?GenderbiasinEnglishlanguage1.InEnglish,man:M&FMancanconquerthenaturemeeting:woman→chairmanThen:Madamchairman2.speakingorwriting:genderunknownperson→he!notshe?One&one’s,repeated→he!notshe?Everyone,everybody,anyone,anybody:he,sheorthey,butmorefrequentlyhe/him/his,notsheGenderbiasinEnglishlanguage3.menandwomen,boysandgirls,fatherandmother,husbandandwife,Mr.andMrs.,SirandMadam,etc.Ofcoursethereareexceptions:ladiesandgentlemen4.governorgovernessacallboyacallgirl.........GenderbiasinEnglishlanguagethecolourofsexdiscrimination;theequalityofthesexesThencomesfeminism…Attheendofthe20thcentury,manygender-relatedtermswerereplacedbygender-neutralforms(e.g.,actorforbothmanandwoman,serverinsteadofwaiterandwaitress,chairinsteadofchairmanandchairwoman,mailcarrierinsteadofmailman)inanumberofEnglishspeakingcommunitiesspokesperson,businessperson,chairperson,mailperson,evenspokeswoman...PossibleexplanationsBiology—menareinnatelypredisposedtoindependenceandverticalrelationshipsandwomentodependenceandhorizontalrelationships.Dualculturemodel(apolitical)—howsociety’sworkisdividedbetweenthetwosexes.Dominancemodel(political)—maledominanceinsocietyisamajorcontributingfactor.Languagesocializationpatterns—howyoungchildrenaresocializedwithinfamilyandinsocialsurroundings(menlearntobemenandwomenlearntobewomen).Globalreadingofthetext1.Whattypeofwritingisthetext?Thistextisanexpositiveessaywithreferencetogenderbiasinlanguage.2.What’sthemainstrategytodevelopthisexpositiveessay?Thetextismainlydevelopedbymeansofexemplification.ExamplesareabundantlyusedinParagraphs2-6.Structuralanalysis3.WorkoutthestructureofthetextParagraph(s)Mainidea1Thewriterraisestheissuetobediscussedbyintroducingtwodifferentopinions.2-6Thewriterprovidesquiteanumberoftypicalexamplestoillustrategenderbiasinlanguage.7Thewritermakeshisattitudeoropinionclearontheissueofgenderbiasinlanguage.Detailedreading-Para.1Whatdoestheauthorthinkoflanguage?Powerful,yetcomplicated.Whichtwoopinionsarepresentedinthefirstparagraph?1.“Islanguagethecauseofthebias?”2.“Islanguagereflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?Whatisyouropinion?Understand&InterpretHowdoyouinterpretthetwoopinionsmentionedinthetext?1.Thelanguageweuseeverydayisbynaturenotfairandthewayitisusedisalsobiased.2.Firstofall,wehaveprejudicesandbiaswithinourselvesandthenwedenoteitthroughtheuseoflanguage.Paraphrase…,thatwemusttakeintoaccounttheperson'slinguisticgenealogy.…isitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?Thatistosay,thewordsthatpeoplechoosetouseinconversationdenotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistence.Languagework1.bias:1)n.anopinionorfeelingthatstronglyfavorsonesideinanargumentoraniteminagrouporseries;predisposition;prejudiceEx:Thisuniversityhasabiastowardsthesciences.Studentswereevaluatedwithoutbias.2)vt.tounfairlyinfluenceattitudes,choices,ordecisionsEx:Severalfactorscouldhavebiasedtheresultsofthestudy.Collocation:biasagainst/towards/infavorofEx:It'sclearthatthecompanyhasabiasagainstwomenandminorities.Languagework2.nuance:adj.slight,delicateorsubtledifferenceincolor,appearance,meaning,feeling,etc.Ex:Languageteachersshouldbeabletoreacttonuancesofmeaningofcommonwords.Hewasawareofeverynuanceinhervoice.Synonym:subtletyCollocation:nuanceof3.genealogy:adiagramshowingaparticularperson'sancestry;successivegenerationsofkin;familytreeLanguagewor