Energy and the Environment Alternatives in UK for

PLEASESCROLLDOWNFORARTICLEThisarticlewasdownloadedby:[IngentaContentDistribution-Routledge]On:15November2010Accessdetails:AccessDetails:[subscriptionnumber791963552]PublisherTaylor&FrancisInformaLtdRegisteredinEnglandandWalesRegisteredNumber:1072954Registeredoffice:MortimerHouse,37-41MortimerStreet,LondonW1T3JH,UKElectricPowerComponentsandSystemsPublicationdetails,includinginstructionsforauthorsandsubscriptioninformation:~content=t713399721EnergyandtheEnvironment:AlternativesinUKforCO2ReductionT.J.Hammons;H.K.TohOnlinepublicationdate:29October2010TocitethisArticleHammons,T.J.andToh,H.K.(2001)'EnergyandtheEnvironment:AlternativesinUKforCO2Reduction',ElectricPowerComponentsandSystems,29:3,277—295TolinktothisArticle:DOI:10.1080/153250001300006671URL:::277–295,2001Copyrightcs2001Taylor&Francis1532-5008/01$12.00+.00EnergyandtheEnvironment:AlternativesinUKforCO2ReductionT.J.HAMMONSH.K.TOHUniversityofGlasgowGlasgowG128QQUnitedKingdomThispaperexaminesenergyalternativesintheUKandworldwidetoreduceCO2,SO2,andNOxemissionsuptotheyear2020:environmentalmechanismsinrestructuredmarkets,futureenergyalternatives,greenelectricity,energyeciency,andpricing.Attheoutset,worldenergyresources,nonfossilresources,worldenergydemand,andtheroleofexistingandplannedmechanismstoachieveenviron-mentalbenetsinrestructuredelectricitymarketsarereviewed.Technologicalandinstitutionalchallengesofreal,long-termreductionsincarbondioxideandotheremissionsfromtheelectricsectorarediscussed.ThepaperthenfocusesonrenewableenergyintheUK,thegreenpool,andtrendsinpowermarketingconsideringgreenpricingprograms,andpublicpolicyforrenewableenergy.Consideredistrendsinenergysupplystructure:energyconsumptionandCO2release,roleofnuclearpower,andEuropeaneŒortsforcontrollingCO2emis-sions.ThemainpartofthepaperpresentsacasestudyonensuringfutureenergyalternativesfortheUKbasedonsimulations.Tablesarepresentedillustrat-ingbasictechnologicalaspectsofanumberofalternativeenergymixstrategiesdevisedtomeettheUK’selectricservicerequirementswhereCO2,SO2,andNOxemissionsareaddressed.Theycombinetheintroductionofnewnatu-ralgas–redcombined-cyclegenerationwithalternatelevelsofdemandsidemanagement–predominantlytechnologydrivenconservation,andforsomeofthestrategies,windpower,tidalpower,andhydropowerfromIcelandisin-cluded.Eachclassoftechnologiesisphasedinduringthe20-yearstudype-riodof1999–2020.ComparativevaluesforCO2,SO2,andNOxemissionsaregiven.KeywordsRenewableelectricitygeneration,fossilfuelgeneration,decom-missioningnuclearplants,renewableenergy,greenhousegasemissions,CO2emissions,UKenergyalternatives,greenelectricity,emissionstrading,envi-ronmentallegislation1IntroductionTheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimatechangecallsforstabilizationofgreenhouse-gasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.CurrentnegotiationsManuscriptreceivedinnalformonJune6,2000.AddresscorrespondencetoDr.T.J.Hammons.277DownloadedBy:[IngentaContentDistribution-Routledge]At:15:0815November2010278HammonsandTohamongparticipantswithintheFrameworkConventionaresuggestingreductionsofCO2between10%to20%from1990levelsbytheyear2010.Astandardbaselinescenariothatassumesnopolicyinterventiontolimitgreenhouse-gasemissionshas10TW(10´1012W)ofcarbon-emission-freepowerbeingproducedbytheyear2050,almostequivalenttotheelectricalpowerprovidedbyalloftoday’selectri-calenergysourcescombined.CO2stabilizationwithcontinuedeconomicgrowthwillrequireinnovative,cost-eŒective,andcarbon-emission-freetechnologies.ThiswillnecessitateprovisionofmanyadditionalTWofprimarypowerinthecomingdecades,andcertainlybythemiddleofthe21stcentury,evenwithsustainedim-provementintheeconomicproductivityofprimaryenergy.AtprogressivelyloweratmosphericCO2-stabilizationtargetsinthe750–350p.p.m.v.range,implement-ingstabilizationwillbecomeevenmorechallengingbecauseoftheincreasingde-mandforcarbon-emission-freepower.Themagnitudeoftheimpliedinfrastruc-turetransitionsuggeststheneedformassiveinvestmentsininnovativeenergyresearch.ThispaperexaminesenergyalternativesprincipallyintheUKtoreduceCO2,SO2,NOxemissionsuptotheyear2020.Itreviewsworldenergyresources,nonfossilresources,worldenergydemand,an