Lesson3NumericalControlandAutomaticMachines数控与自动机器•SectionIWordsandPhrases•SectionIITextandTranslation•SectionIIIExercisesandAnswers词英汉练EndNext答SectionIWordsandPhrases•tool[tu:l]v.给…装配工具、机床和仪器;用工具加工,使用工具n.工具,用具cuttingtool刀具machinetool机床过去式:tooled过去分词:tooled现在分词:tooling复数:tools例句:Ihaveacompletesetofcarpenter'stools.我有全套的木工工具。•prohibitive[prəhibitiv]adj.禁止性的,抑制的adv.禁止地n.禁止prohibitiveprices过高的价格﹙使人不敢买﹚例句:Thecostofrepairswouldbeprohibitive.修理费会高得令人望而却步。•job-lotn.杂乱的一堆,论堆的廉价品,一次生产的部分或少数产品job-lotamount单批量例句:Iboughtthatjugaspartofajoblotatthechurchjumblesale.我在教堂的旧杂货义卖上买了一批杂货,基中包括那只壶。jumble[dʒʌmbəl]及物动词vt.&不及物动词vi.混杂,(使)混乱;使混乱;使杂乱TopicAboveNextEndSectionIWordsandPhrases•re-run(reran,rerun;rerunning)v.(使)再开动(运转),(使)重新开动•down-timen.停机时间,故障时间例句:Theygotexcitedtimeaftertimeandcooleddowntimeaftertimetoo.他们一次次地激动起来,又一次次地冷却下去。•template[templit]n.样(模,型)板,样规例句:Itservesasatemplate.它相当于模板。•semiautomatic[semiɔ:təmætik]adj.半自动的•semiconductorn.半导体例句:Themachineissemiautomatic.这架机器是半自动的。numerical[nju:merikəl]adj.数字的,用数字表示的,数值的eliminate[i‘limineit]vt.排除,消除,消灭;(比赛中)淘汰equivalent[i'kwivələnt]adj.相等的,相同的;等价的,等值的;等量的;等效的TopicAboveNextEndSectionIWordsandPhrases•contour[kɔntə]n.外形,轮廓;等高线过去式:contoured过去分词:contoured现在分词:contouring复数:contours例句:thecontoursofthecountryside乡村的轮廓•flexibility[,fleksə'biliti]n.柔韧性;机动性,灵活性,易曲性;适应性,弹性例句:Hergreatstrengthliesinherflexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。inturn依次;轮到textile[‘tekstail]n.纺织品;纺织原料[C]adj.纺织的blueprint[’blu:‘print]n.蓝图;设计图;计划vt.将...制成蓝图;计划via['vaiə]prep.经由;取道;通过,凭借TopicAboveNextEndSectionIITextThemajordisadvantageofmachinetoolliesintheeconomicsoftheprocess.Itisexpensivetoamachinetoolforautomaticproduction.Therefore,unlessthepartistobemadeinverylargenumbers,thecostbecomesprohibitive.Greatneedexistsforamethodthatpermitsrapidautomaticproduction,economicalinjob-lotamounts.Theanswerhasbeenfoundinthenumericalcontrolofmachinetools.Innumericalcontrol,theblueprintforapartisconverterintoapunchedpaper-typeinstruction,whichisadaptedviaacomputertodirecttheoperationofaspecificmachinetool.Thusgeneralpurposemachinetoolsdescribedinpreviouschapters-areinstructedtomachineapartaccordingtoinformationstoredonarolloftape.Thetapecanbere-runforcopiesofthesamepartorcanbestoredforfutureuse.Furthermore,othertapescanbeusedtocommandthesamemachinetooltomakeotherparts.Thereisawideareaofperformanceduplicationbetweennumericalcontrolandautomatics.Numericalcontrol,however,offersmoreflexibility,lowertoolingcost,quickerchanges,andlessmachinedown-time.TopicAboveNext汉EndSectionIITextInmachiningcontours,numericalcontrolcanmathematicallytranslatethedefinedcurveintoafinishedproduct,savingtimeandeliminatingtemplates.Thiscaninturnimproveaccuracy.Anotheradvantageappearstobegreatsavingofmachinetime,theequivalentofincreasingproductivecapacitywithnoincreaseinfacilities.Automationisnonewdevelopment.Semiautomaticmachineshavebeenusedinthetextileindustryandinengineeringformanyyears.Thesemachinesmerelyrequiretobesetup,loadedandstarted.Then,foralimitedtime,theywillrunontheirown,withonlyanoperatortowatchthem.Fromthesehavebeendevelopedmachinesknownastransfermachines,foundmostlyinthemotor-manufacturingindustry.Inproductionunitsusingthese,eachstageinthemanufactureofanarticleiscarriedoutbyonefully-automaticmachineinalineofmachines.Theloadingofthearticletobemachinedisautomatic,asinitstransferfromonemachinetothenext.TopicAboveNext汉EndSectionIITextMostofthetransfermachinecurrentlyinoperationemployelectrical,pneumaticorhydraulictechniques.Althoughautomaticcontrolbypneumaticandhydraulicmeanshasbeendevelopedtoahighdegreeofefficiency,themorerecentlydevelopedelectronictechniquesoffermanyadvantagesoverthem.Electronicmethodsallowforgreaterspeed,accuracyandflexibilityintheoperationofcontrolsystems.Theyalsomakepossibletheprocessingofinformation.Information,bothfromwithinthecontrolsystemitselfandfromoutsidesources,canbeelectronicallyprocessed.Thusthecontrolextremelycomplexprocessescanbecarriedoutautomatically.TopicAboveNext汉EndSectionIITranslation迄今所叙述的机床自动化的主要不利条件是这项技术的经济性。装备一台进行自动化生产的机床是很费钱的。因此,除非零件的生产量非常大,否则,机床自动化就会因成本过高而变得不可行。非常需要一种在单批量生产中既快速又经济的自动化生产方法。这种方法已经有了,这就是数控机床技术。采用数控技术时,零件的图纸先被转换成穿纸孔带型的指令,经计算机改编后用来控制专用机床进行作业。这样,通用机床-前面已经作了叙述-按照储存在磁带上的信息去加工零件。磁带可以反复用来重复加工相同的零件,也可以储存起来以备后用。而且,可以用其他磁带来“命令”同一部机床加工另外的零件。数控和自动化之间很多性能是一样的。然而,数控技术更灵活,装备机床的花费更少,更换更快,而且停机维修时间更短。TopicAboveNext英EndSectionIITranslation在加工外形轮廓时,数控能够用数学方法将确定的曲线转换成成品,既节省时间,又无需样板,还可提高加工精度。另一个优点看来是能大大节省时间,也就是说不增添设备就能提高生产率。自动化并不是什么新鲜事。半自动机器已在纺织工业和工程中使用多年。这些机器仅需在工作前安装调试好,加上负荷启动就行了。然后,在一段有限的时间内,它们就会自行工作,只需一个操作人员照看它们就够了。人们由这类机器研制出了传输机,它们多数用在汽车制造工业中。在使用这些机器的生产厂家中,工件加工的各个阶段都是在一条机器作业线上的某台全自动机器上完成的。待加工工件是自动装上机器的,从一台机器传送下一台机器也是自动的。TopicAboveNext英EndSectionIITranslation目前使用的大多数传输机采用电动、气动或液压技术。虽然使用气动和液压方法进行自动控制已达到很高的效率,但是,近年发展起来的更多的电子技术比起它们来却有很多优点。采用电子控制方法能使控制系统的操作更迅速、更精确而且更灵活。它们还使信息处理成为可能。无论是控制系统本身的内部信息还使来自外部的信息,都可以利用电子技术进行处理。这样,就可以对极其复杂的工序进行自动控制。TopicAboveNext英EndSectionIIIExercises•I.根据课文填空Themajorofmachinetoolautomationthusfardescribedliestheeconomicsoftheprocess.Itisexpensivetoamachinetoolautomaticproduction.The