exposition

ExpositionExpositoryWritingExpositionisatypeofwriting,thepurposeofwhichistoinform,explain,describe,ordefinetheauthor'ssubjecttothereader.(wikipedia)DefinitionExpositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething.Theprocessofmakingamachine;Thecausesofaphenomenon;Theplanningofaproject;Thesolutionofaproblem.Descriptionmainlydealswithappearancesandfeelings,andnarrationwitheventsandexperiences.Unlikethesetwotypesofwriting,expositionmainlydealswithprocessesandrelationships.Division&ClassificationTheyaretwowaysofsorting.Divisionisusedtodealwithonething.Purpose:toseparateathingintopartsStress:ondistinction;dealwithwholeClassificationisusedtoorganizethingswhichsharecertainqualities.Purpose:groupthingssystematicallyStress:onsimilarities;dealwithpartsDivisionandclassificationareusefulorganizationalstrategiesinwriting.Theformerstressesthedistinctionbetweenthings,whereasthelatteremphasizessimilarities.Essentialtoagoodclassificationisparallelism.Inshort,inagoodclassificationthepartsmustbeparallel,andtheyshouldadduptothewholesubject.Whenusingdivisionorclassificationinyourwriting,keepinmindthefollowingguidelines:a)Chooseanappropriateprincipleofdivision/classificationsuitedtoyourpurpose;b)Applyyourprincipleconsistentlyandthoroughly,andavoidoverlapping.TocategorizedelegatesataconferenceintoEuropeans,Africans,Canadians,Somalis,Chinese,andblacks.TopicsforPractice1.WhyStudentsLikeSurfingtheInternet2.WhatStudentsBenefitfromBusinessPractice3.WhyStudentsPreferStudyingAbroadIllustrationistheuseofexamplestoillustrateapoint.Asuccessfulillustrationpaperdependsona)Awiseselectionofsufficientexampleswhicharetypical,interestingandrelevant;b)Anexpertarrangementoftheseexamples.TopicsforPracticeDiligenceinStudySelf-sacrificingSpiritOptimisminLifeAcomparisonexplainshowthingsaresimilar,andacontrast,howtheyaredifferent.Whenyouarewritingacomparison/contrastpaper,youexplainorclarifyforoneofthethreefollowingpurposes:a)Topresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliar;b)Toshowthesuperiorityofonethingbycomparingitwithanother;c)Toshowthereaderofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftwothingstohelpthereaderunderstandorevaluatethem.Whenyouwriteacomparison/contrast,keepinmindthefollowingprinciples:a)Onlyitems(usuallytwo)ofthesamegeneralclasscanbecompared/contrasted.b)Acomparison/contrastessayusuallyfollowsoneofthesepatterns:thesubject-by-subjectpatternorthepoint-by-pointpattern;c)Thecomparison/contrastshouldbebalanced;thetwoitemsbeingcompared/contrastedaretobegivenequaltreatment;d)Thecomparison/contrastshouldbesupportedbyconcreteandrelevantfacts;e)Acomparison/contrastshowssimilaritiesanddifferencesinordertomakeaparticularpoint.Analogyisaspecialkindofcomparison.Itshowsthesimilaritiesbetweentwothingsofdifferentclass.Theguidelinesforanalogiesare:a)Thetwoitemsoftheanalogyarenotofthesameclass;b)Oneoftheitemsisusedonlytoexplaintheother;c)Theitemusedtoclarifytheothermustbeonequitefamiliartothereaderandwillthereforehelphimunderstandtheother;d)Ananalogyisusedtosupportaparticularpoint;e)Ananalogyprovidesonlyanewinsightorperspective;itcannotbeusedtoproveanything.subject-by-subjectpattern:分别比较a.Inshortessaysb.Fewaspectsareconsidered;c.Thewriter’sinterestisinthewhole.point-by-pointpattern：逐点比较a.Inlongessaysb.Manyaspectsarementionedc.Releasetheburdenonreaders’memory.TransitionsIncomparison:both,each,atthesametime,similarly,like,likewise,as,too,also,comparedwith.Incontrast:ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast(with/to),instead(of),theopposite(of),unlike,although,while,whereas,but,however,yet,andnevertheless.TopicsforPractice1.OurTwoCampuses2.PopularMusicandClassicMusic3.GenerosityandExtravagance4.FriendshipandLove5.LifeandMountain-climbingSubject-by-subjectpatternInthesubject-by-subjectpattern,thewriterdiscussesthevariousaspectsofoneitembeforegoingontotheother.Thesisstatement:XisabetterschoolthanY.Ⅰ.XA.StudentbodyB.TeachingstaffC.LibraryandotherfacilitiesD.CampusⅡ.YA.StudentbodyB.TeachingstaffC.LibraryandotherfacilitiesD.CampusPoint-by-pointpatternInthepoint-by-pointpattern,thewriterdiscussesbothitemsundereachofthevariousaspectscompared/contrasted.ⅠStudentbodyA.XB.YⅡTeachingstaffA.XB.YⅢLibraryandotherfacilitiesA.XB.YⅣCampusA.XB.YAcause-effectessayisapieceofexpositorywritingshowingorexplainingthecauseand/oreffectofsomething.Acausedealswiththequestion“Why?”andaneffect,thequestion“Whatif?”Acausepaperbeginswithanintroductionwhichbrieflydescribestheeffect,andthentheentirebodyofthepaperanalysesthecauses,eachofwhichisgenerallydiscussedinoneparagraph.Aneffectpaperreversestheprocedure.Itbeginswithanintroductiondescribingthecause,andtherestofthepaperdiscussestheeffects.Whenwritingthepaper,trytorememberthefollowinglogicalrequirements:a)Donotover-simplifycauses.b)Bewareespeciallyofmakingamistakeinlogicknownasthefallacy“afterthisthereforebecauseofthis”;c)Distinguishbetweendirectandindirectcausesandeffectsandbetweenmajorandminorcausesandeffects;d)Donotomitlinksinachainof