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1断言是一个逻辑名词，是指一个推理过程中被推出的也是意图证明的结论ChinaDebateEducationNetworkCurriculumOutlineConstructingArguments*中国辩论教育网络课程大纲论点建构I.ArgumentsandArgumentation论点与论证A.B.C.Argumentsaretoolsprimarilyusedin论点是辩论中的主要工具debates,Argumentsusereasonstoestablishclaims.论点——以逻辑理性建立起命题断言1Sincealldebaterswillusearguments,鉴于所有辩手均需运用论点，generalprinciplesofconstructingarguments学习论点建构的一般原则就显得尤为必要areneeded.NotesII.Elementsofarguments.论点的构成要素Threeelementsofargumentationarecentralto论点的构成要素是辩论的核心，也常常被用到debateandoneotherisfrequentlyemployed.A.B.Claim:themainpointorconclusionofan论点中（被推导出）的结论部分argument.Evidence:anyinformationonwhichthe断言所依存的任何信息依据，它支撑着断言claimrests.Evidenceisinformationthatsupportstheclaim.Link:alinkisastatementthatcreatesa证据与断言之间的逻辑桥梁bridgebetweentheevidenceandtheclaim.Reservation:notpresentinallarguments,a并非所有的论点都有,reservationexplainsspecialcircumstances它约定了该论点的例外情况。whentheclaimshouldbesetaside.（译者注：意即什么情况不在该论点的讨论范围）C.D.*CreatedSeptember20122012年9月制作ConstructingArguments–2III.Structureofarguments.论点的结构A.Simpleargument:consistsofasinglepiece简单论点：由一个证据，通过一个逻辑链，ofevidenceleadingtoasingleclaim,推导出一个断言，同时可能包含一个保留。followingalongasinglelink,andperhapsaccompaniedbyareservation.ConstructingArguments–3B.Argumentwithlinkedstructure多关联证据型论点ConstructingArguments–4C.Argumentwithindependentstructure多独立证据型论点ConstructingArguments–5IV.Generalprinciplesforconstructingarguments.论点建构的一般原则Philosophershaveconsideredanumberofways关于人们支持或反对某种对象、观点时的思维，thatpeopleargueforandagainstassigningvaluesto哲学家们总结出很多种思维方式。differentobjects,people,ideas,andinstitutions.这些思维方式可以归纳为原则型和后果型两类，Amongtheseareprinciplesandconsequences,both它们都能有效地指导行为。ofwhichareusefulinguidingactions.A.Consequencesofactions.行为后果Constructingargumentsbasedonthe后果型论点基于对行为后果的考量，以求得consequencesofactionsinvolveschoosing尽可能使正面后果最大化而负面效果最小化的theactionthathasthemost(orbest)positive选择。后果型论点常常要先提出一个行为方案，consequencesandthefewestnegative分析行为和后果的关系，然后衡量后果的利consequences.Consequencesareusually弊比重。determinedbyestablishingacauseandeffectrelationshipbetweenanactionanditseffect,thenbyevaluatingthateffecteitherpositivelyornegatively.ConstructiveArgumentOpposingtheMotionUsingConsequencesClaim:IsraelipolicytowardsPalestiniancitizenspreventsterroristattacksonIsrael.Description:IsraelipolicyallowsPalestinianhousestobedestroyedifsuspectedterroristsarepresent.Relationship:ApolicyofdestroyinghousescontainingsuspectedterroristspreventsterroristattacksonIsrael.Evaluation:TerroristattacksonIsraelhavekilledthousandsofIsraelicitizens.ConstructingArguments–6B.Principlesthatguideactions.行为原则Anotherwayofconstructingargumentsisto另一种建立论点的方式基于指导我们行baseargumentsonprinciplesthatguideour为的那些原则。以原则为基础建立起来的actions.Anargumentfromprinciples论点重点关注行为内在的善与恶，而不是evaluatesactionsbasedontheinherent行为外在的结果好坏。rightnessorwrongnessoftheactratherthanonthepositiveornegativeconsequencesoftheaction.ConstructiveArgumentSupportingthePropositionUsingPrinciplesClaim:IsraelipolicytowardsitsPalestiniancitizensviolatestheprincipleofhumanrights.Description:CurrentIsraelipolicyallowsPalestinianhomestobedestroyed.Relationship:Allowinghomestobedestroyedviolatestherighttoproperty.Evaluation:Therighttopropertyisabasichumanright.TheIsraelipolicythereforeviolatestheprincipleofhumanrights.