1这是华语辩手最难理解的一个地方,简言之就是对辩题做具体化,把抽象宏观的辩题窄化为具体的情境。这在华语辩论中被视为操作定义扭曲辩题的严重错误,但在此是必须的基本规则。高度重视这样的区别。2意即人们看到该辩题时大都会想到的应该会被讨论的内容,又称“普遍期待”ChinaDebateEducationNetworkCurriculumOutlineConstructingArgumentsfortheFirstGovernmentTeam*中国辩论教育网络课程大纲正方上院队的立论I.立论:首相的角色职责ConstructingaCase:TheRoleofthePrimeMinisterFourSteps:四步:AnalyzetheMotion分析辩题Defineandinterpretthemotion定义和阐释辩题Presentamodelofthemotion为辩题设立并阐述一个讨论模型1Createacaseforthemodel为辩题立论NotesA.Analyzethemotion分析辩题1.Mostmotionscanbeinterpretedina绝大多数辩题都可以被阐释成多种方式numberofdifferentways.2.Alldebatersneedtofocussomeattentionon所有辩手应高度重视辩题中被期待2的部分,whattheyexpectwillbethefocusand应将这些部分作为辩论的焦点和方向。directionofthedebategiventhemotion.3.Onethingtobeconsideredwhenanalyzing高度重视辩题的类型themotioniswhatkindofmotionhasbeenpresented.B.Defineandinterpretthemotion定义和阐释1.TheFirstGovernmentTeamhastherightto正上队有权力定义和阐释辩题defineandinterpretthemotion.2.Paralleltothisrightistheresponsibilityto相应的,正上队有责任以合理的方式去定义和defineandinterpretthemotionina阐释辩题reasonablefashion.3.Definingthemotionincludesdefiningany定义辩题是要包含对以下语词的定义:wordsorphrasesthat:1、模棱两可的2、观众可能不懂的a)areambiguousb)mightnotbeunderstoodbytheaudienceMotion:“IsraelshouldchangeitspoliciestowardPalestinians.”辩题“以色列应改变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策”Definition:“Palestinians”includecitizensoftheWestBank定义:“巴勒斯坦人”包括约旦河西岸和andGazaaswellasArabcitizensoftheStateof加沙地区的以及以色列境内的阿拉伯人Israel.*CreatedSeptember20124.Interpretingthemotionincludesnarrowing阐释:窄化辩题以(更有针对性地)辩论themotionforthepurposesofthedebate.Motion:“IsraelshouldchangeitspoliciestowardPalestinians.”辩题“以色列应改变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策”Interpretation:Forthepurposesofthisdebatewewillinterpret(narrow)themotiontoincludeonlyArabcitizensoftheStateofIsrael.阐释:为了实现本次辩论的目的,我们将辩题阐释(窄化)为仅针对以色列境内的阿拉伯人。C.Presentingthemodelofthemotion.设立并阐述讨论模型1.Ifthemotionisaboutassigningvaluetoan如果辩题是价值层面的,那么讨论模型可以仅object(person,institution,idea,etc.),then仅简单地设立为对辩论方向和焦点的清晰阐述。themodelsimplyneedstobeaclearstatementofthefocusanddirectionforthedebate.2.Ifthemotionisaboutapolicyoraction,then如果辩题是政策或操作层面的,那么讨论模型就modelshouldcontainatleastthreethings:应当至少包括以下三项:a.Whoistheactor?行为主体b.Whatistheproposedaction?建议采取的措施c.Areanyotherdetailsoftheproposal其他有关细节needed?FirstPropositionArguments–2D.Constructingargumentstosupportthemodel:建构论点支撑讨论模型Twobroadconceptualwaystocreatearguments两种立论的方式:tosupportamotion:principlesandconsequences原则型与后果型1.Principledarguments,usuallygroundedin原则型论点,通常基于道德伦moralsandethics,focusontheinherent理,关注某行为内在的好坏善恶rightnessorwrongnessofanaction.PrincipledArgumentForAMotionEvaluatinganObject用原则型论点为价值类辩题立论Motion:“MohandasGandhiwasoneofthe辩题:莫汉达斯·甘地是世界上最伟大的领袖之一world’sgreatestleaders”Description:MohandasGandhiemployedcivil描述:甘地一生致力于“公民不服从”(即“非暴力Disobediencethroughouthislife.不合作运动”)Association:Civildisobediencesupportstheprincipleofnon‐violence.关系:“公民不服从”符合非暴力的原则Evaluation:Non‐violenceisoneofthemostimportantprinciplestheworldhaseverknown.评估:非暴力原则是迄今为止世界上最重要的原则PrincipledArgumentForaMotionProposinga用原则型论点为政策性论点立论PolicyorAction.Motion:“Israelshouldchangeitspoliciestoward辩题:以色列应该变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策Palestinians.”Description:PoliciesoftheStateofIsraelallowfor描述:现行以色列针对巴勒斯坦人的政策允许destructionofhomesofPalestiniancitizens摧毁巴勒斯坦裔以色列人的住所。ofIsrael.Thepropositionteam’smodel正方的模型提议改变以色列政策以保护巴勒斯proposeschangingIsraelipolicytoprotect坦人的住所Palestinianhomes.Association:ProtectingPalestinianhomesextends关系:保护巴勒斯坦人的住所维护了巴勒斯therightofpropertytoPalestiniancitizens坦裔以色列人的财产权ofIsrael.Evaluation:Preservinghomesandrecognizing评估:保护住所和财产所有权涉及最基本的rightstopropertyinvolvesoneofthemost人权basichumanrights.b.Consequentialarguments,groundedinthe后果型论点,基于政策或行为的效果或产出。effectsoroutcomesofpoliciesoractions,这意味着,最好的政策行为应当是正面效果最大suggestthatthebestactionistheonethat同时负面效果最小的。causesthemostpositiveandfewestnegativeconsequences.ConsequentialArgumentSupportingaMotion用后果型论点为价值性辩题立论EvaluatinganObject.Motion:“MaoZedongwasoneoftheworld’sgreatest辩题:毛泽东是世界上最伟大的领袖之一leaders”Description:MaoZedongcreatedtheChineseCommunist描述:毛泽东建立了中国共产党Party.Association:TheChineseCommunistPartyraisedthe关系:中国共产党提升了亿万中国公民的standardoflivingformillionsofChinesecitizens.生活水平Evaluation:Fewpeopleintheworldhavehadsuchpositiveeffectsonthelivesofmillionsof评估:这个世界上只有极少数人能对亿万people.人的生活产生这样的积极影响。FirstPropositionArguments–3FirstPropositionArguments–4II.Motion:Nationsshouldprovideaminimallevelof辩题:国家应为公民提供最低限度的educationtoalltheircitizens.的教育•Descriptions:描述:撒哈拉以南非洲国家当前的政ThecurrentpoliciesofnationsofSub‐策,对于保障中等教育,既不提供SaharanAfricaprovideneitherthefunding资金支持也不提供基础设施保障。northeinfrastructuretoguaranteeaccesstoasecondaryeducation.ThePropositionteam’smodelprovidesboth正方提供的模型既提供资金支持也fundingandinfrastructure.提供基础设施。•CausalAssociations:因果关系:Thelackofaccesstoasecondaryeducation中等教育的缺乏使很多人生活贫困causesmanytolivealifeofpoverty.ThePropositionteam’smodelcreatesa正方的模型提供了扶贫的一种途径meanstorelievepoverty.•Evaluations:评估:Morepeoplewithoutasecondaryeducation很多没有接受中等教育的人比接受arepoorthanthosewithasecondary过中等教育的人生活得更贫困education.Fewerpeoplewithasecondaryeducation几乎没有任何接受过中等教育的人gowithoutfood.面临食物短缺。RoleofDeputyPrimeMinister:SupportingtheCase副首相角色职责:支持立论A.B.Providingrefutation.(tobeconsideredin反驳(后面