国际经济学之名词解释

国际经济学之名词解释Chapter31.Absoluteadvantage（绝对优势）:Acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinaproductionofagoodifithasalowerunitlaborrequirement(aLW单位产品劳动投入)thantheforeigncountryinthisgood.2.ComparativeAdvantage（相对优势）:Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.3.OpportunityCost（机会成本）：Theopportunitycostofrosesintermsofcomputersisthenumberofcomputersthatcouldbeproducedwiththesameresourcesasagivennumberofroses.4.Theunitlaborrequirement：thenumberofhoursoflaborrequiredtoproduceoneunitofoutput,suchasaLW(wine)andaLC(cheese)5.ProductionPossibilitiesfrontier（生产可能性边界）：Theproductionpossibilityfrontier(PPF)ofaneconomyshowsthemaximumamountofagood(saywine)thatcanbeproducedforanygivenamountofanother(saycheese).Chapter41.Abundantfactor:theresourceofwhichacountryhasarelativelylargesupply(laborinhome,landinforeign)2.Biasedexpansionofproductionpossibilities:whentheproductionpossibilityfrontiershiftsoutmuchmoreinonedirectionthanintheother.3.Equalizationoffactorprices:whenHomeandForeigntrade,therelativespricesofgoodsconverge.Thisconvergence,inturn,causesconvergenceoftherelativepricesoflandandlabor.4.Heckscher-Ohlintheory:ItshowsthatcomparativeadvantageisinfluencedbyRelativefactorabundance(referstocountries)andRelativefactorintensity(referstogoods)Itisalsoreferredtoasthefactor-proportionstheory.5.Scarcefactor:inthatcountry,andtheresourceofwhichithasarelativelysmallsupply(landinHome,laborinforeign)Chapter51.Biasedgrowth:BiasedgrowthtakesplacewhenTT(acountry’sproductionpossibilityfrontier)shiftsoutmoreinonedirectionthanintheother.2.Isovaluelines(等价线):Itisalinealongwhichthemarketvalueofoutputisconstantbyanequationoftheform:PCQC＋PFQF=V.Thehighervaluesofoutput,thefartheroutanisovaluelinelies.3.Indifferencecurves（无差异曲线）:Eachtraces（表明）asetofcombinationsofcloth(C)andfood(F)consumptionthatleavetheindividualequallywelloff.4.Termsoftrade:Thepriceofthegoodacountryinitiallyexportsdividedbythepriceofthegooditinitiallyimports.5.Export-biased（出口偏向）growth:homeexperiencesgrowthbiasedtowardclothanddisproportionatelyexpandsacountry’sPPinthedirectionofthegooditexports.6.Import-biasedgrowth（进口偏向）:Itdisproportionatelyexpandsacountry’sPPinthedirectionofthegooditimports.7.Immiserizinggrowth（贫困化的经济增长）:Asituationwhereexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationscanworsentheirtermsoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.8.Importtariffsaretaxesleviedonimports9.Externalprice:goodsaretradedinternationally10.Exportsubsidy(出口补贴）：paymentsgiventodomesticproducerswhosellagoodabroad.Chapter61.Dumping(倾销):themostcommonformofpricediscriminationininternationaltrade.2.Externaleconomiesofscale(外部规模经济):thecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofanyonefirm.3.Infantindustryargument:theargumentfortemporaryprotectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexpensive.4.Internaleconomiesofscale(内部规模经济)thecostperunitdependsonthesizeofanindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthatoftheindustry.5.Interindustrytrade:theexchangeofmanufacturesforfood.6.Intraindustrytrade:theexchangeofmanufacturesformanufactures.7.Knowledgespillovers:Knowledgeisoneoftheimportantinputfactorsinhighlyinnovativeindustries.8.Labormarketpooling（劳动力共享市场）:Aclusteroffirmscancreateapooledmarketforworkerswithhighlyspecializedskills.9.Oligopoly（寡头垄断）:Thereareseveralfirms,eachofwhichislargeenoughtoaffectprices,butnonewithanuncontestedmonopoly.10.Pricediscrimination:Thepracticeofchargingdifferentcustomersdifferentprices.Chapter71.Directforeigninvestment:internationalcapitalflowsinwhichafirminonecountrycreatesorexpandsasubsidiaryinanother.2.Factormovements:internationalmovementsoffactorsofproduction.3.Intertemporalproductionpossibilityfrontier跨时生产可能性:Imagineaneconomythatconsumesonlyonegoodandwillexistforonlytwoperiods,whichwewillcallpresentandfuture.Chapter81.Advaloremtariff(从价关税):taxesthatareleviedasafractionofthevalueoftheimportedgoods.2.Consumptiondistortionloss（消费扭曲损失）:atariffleadsconsumerstoconsumetoolittleofthegood.3.Exportrestraint:Limitthequantityofexports.4.Nontariffbarriers:moderngovernmentsusuallyprefertoprotectdomesticindustries.5.Productiondistortionloss（生产扭曲损失）:thetariffleadsdomesticproducerstoproducetoomuchofthisgood.6.Specifictariff:(从量关税):taxesthatareleviedasafixedchargeforeachunitofgoodsimported.Chapter91.Optimumtariff（最优关税）：byconventionthephraseoptimumtariffisusuallyusedtorefertothetariffjustifiedbuatermsoftradeargumentratherthantothebesttariffgivenallpossibleconsiderations.