神经反射的检查

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神经反射检查西南医院神就内科罗春霞检查方法检查内容异常体征的临床意义重点:神经反射检查ExaminationoftheRelexs反射(Reflex):反射是由于刺激诱发出的自发的一种运动反应.是通过反射弧(包括外周感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经及外周效应器组成)的完成的。Reflex:Reflexactionisanautomaticmotorresponsethroughreflexarc,thatiselictedbyastimulus.Confomationofreflexarc:Sensor,Afferentnerve,Nervecentre,EfferentnerveEffector神经反射:浅反射深反射病理反射Reflex:SuperficialreflexMyotasisreflexPathologicreflex浅反射:角膜反射腹壁反射提睾反射跖反射肛门反射Superficialreflex:•Cornealreflex•Abdominalreflex•Cremastericreflex•Plantarreflex•Analreflex角膜反射CornealreflexCornealreflex:•Sensor:corneal•Afferentnerve:Trigeminalnerve•Nervecentre:pons•Efferentnerve:Facialnerve•Effector:Orbicularisoculimuscle角膜反射:感受器:角膜传入神经:三叉神经中枢:桥脑传出神经:面神经效应器:眼轮匝肌临床意义:一侧直接、对侧间接反射均消失→同侧三叉N病变;一侧直接消失,对侧间接存在→同侧面N病变。一侧直接消失间接反射消失面神经或三叉神经病变。Clinicalsignificance:onelateraldirectandcontralateralindirectreflexextinctation:ipsilateraltrigeminalnervedamage;onelateraldirectreflexandcontralateralindirectreflexextinctation:ipsilateralfacialnervedamage;onelateraldirectandindirectreflexextinctation:ipsilateraltrigeminalandfacialnervedamage腹壁反射(Abdominalreflex,AR):上腹壁反射:胸7-8;中腹壁反射:胸9-10;下腹壁反射:胸11-12。临床意义:上、中、下均消失:昏迷,急腹症或神经系统病变。一侧消失:同侧锥体束病变或脊神经损伤。Clinicalsignificance:Allabdominalreflexextinction:Coma,Acuteabdomenandnervesystemdisease;Unilateralextinction:isolateralpyramidaltractinjuriedorspinalnervesinjuried.提睾反射:腰1-2。临床意义:双侧消失:腰1-2病损;一侧消失:锥体束受损。Cremastericreflex(CR):Nervescentre:Lumbalspinalcord1-2.Clinicalsignificance:BislateralCRextinction:L1-2injuried;UnilateralCRedtinction:Pyramidaltractinjurid.CR跖反射(Plantarreflex):骶1-2肛门反射骶4、5节段骶4、5病变或肛尾神经损伤深反射:肱二头肌反射肱三头肌反射桡骨骨膜反射膝反射跟腱反射Myotasisreflex:BicepsreflexTricepsjerkreflexRadioperiostealreflexKneejerkreflexAchillestendonreflex肱二头肌反射(Bicepsreflex)(C5、6)肱三头肌反射Tricepsjerkreflex(C7、8)桡骨骨膜反射(Radioperiostealreflex)(C5、6)膝腱反射(Kneejerkreflex)(L2-4)跟腱反射(Achillestendonreflex)(S1、2)临床意义:深反射减弱或消失:周围神经病变、肌肉病变及中枢神经病变的休克期;深反射亢进:中枢神经系统病变(伴有病理征)或引起神经系统兴奋性增高的病变(如甲亢)(不伴有病理征)。ClinicalSignificanceHyporeflexiaorabsentdeepreflex:Peripheralneuropathy,Myopathyandshockstageofcentralnervedisease;Hyperreflexia:centralnervedisease(withpathologicsignoften)orDiseasesinducinghyperexcitationofnervesystem(e.gHyperthyreosis)(Withoutpathologicsign).病理反射:锥体束病损时,失去了对脑干和脊髓的抑制功能,而出现的异常反射。主要的病理征有:Pathologicreflex:Itisabnormalreflexduetodeinhibitionofmortorneuroninbrainstemorspinalcordbypyramidaltractinjuried.Babinskisign,Chaddocksign,Gordonsign,Gondasign,Oppenheimsign,Hoffmannsign。Babinskisign拇趾缓缓背伸,其它四趾呈扇形展开。见于锥体束损害。Manifestation:Greattoedorsumextensionandotherfourtoessectorlyoutspreading.Significance:PyramidaltractinjuriedOppenheimsignGordonsignHoffmannsign阵挛(Clonus):腱反射增强的极度表现,是拉长某一肌腱后该肌肉所发生的节律性收缩,见于锥体束损害。Thatisamanifestationofincresedtendonreflex。Whenonemuscletendonisdraggedsharply,themusclecouldcontactrhythmly。髌阵挛(Patellaclonus)股四头肌节律性收缩踝阵挛(ankleclonus):腓肠肌与比目鱼肌节律性收缩。Irritationofthemeningsandspinalrootcausedbyinflammation,hemorrogeetccancauseheadretraction,neckstiffness,andspinalrigidity,whichisnamedasmeningstimulationsign,whichelicitsprotectivereflexesintendedtoshortedthespinalaxisandimmobilizetheirritatedtissue.脑膜刺激征:脑膜和脊神经根由于炎症、出血等的刺激从而引起的头缩、颈强直及脊柱僵硬的反应。它是一种保护性的反射,可以使脊柱缩短稳定受刺激的组织。颈项强直NeckRigidityBrudzinski&KernigsignFlexionatthehipandkneeinresponsetoforwardflexionoftheneck(Brudzinskisign)andinabilitytocompletelyextendtheleg(Kernigsign).Kernigsign﹥135度BrudzinskisignLaseguesign﹥70度1.浅反射、深反射各包括哪些?2.浅反射减弱或消失有何意义?3.深反射减弱、消失、亢进的临床意义。4.常见病理反射包括哪些?有何意义?5.何谓脑膜刺激征,常见体征有哪些?思考题

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